Swellings that move with deglutition?

1-Thyroid
2-Thyroglossal cyst
3-Subhyoid bursitis
4-Nodes attached to larynx and trachea
5-Laryngocele.

Swellings which are brilliantly transilluminant:

1-Ranula
2-Cystic hygromaand lymph cyst
3-Hydrocele
4-Meningocele
5-Epididymal cyst (Chinese-lantern pattern)
6Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck.

#Surgery

Reducible swellings:

1-Hernia
2-Meningocele
3-Varicocele
4-Saphena varix.

#Surgery

Cold Abscess:

-It is a soft fluctuant swelling without signs of inflammation, which is mistaken for a cyst.
-This is lined by granulation tissue and caseous material.
-It is due to tuberculous infection and contains tubercle bacilli.
-It is not hot.
-Brawny induration, edema and tenderness are absent.

#Surgery

Acute Abdomen definition:
-Any sudden spontaneous nontraumatic disorder affecting the abdomen for which urgent operation may be necessary and undue delay in diagnosis may adversely affect the outcome.

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A serum amylase level four times above the normal is indicative of acute pancreatitis.

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Bacteremia:
-Circulating bacteria in the blood without producing disease.

Pyemia:
-Circulating infective emboli composed of masses of organisms, vegetations and infected clots in the bloodstream.

Septicemia:
-Circulation of bacteria in blood producing disease.

#Medicine
#Surgery

In Breast Carcinoma:

-Skin tethering and fixity:
The skin tethering is due to early involvement of ligaments of Cooper.

-Manifested as puckering of the skin:
The underlying lump can be moved independently of the skin to some extent.

-Skin fixity:
-It is because of invasion of carcinoma along the ligaments of Cooper to the skin.The lump and the skin cannot be moved separately.

-Retraction (Recent) of nipple:
Extension of growth along the lactiferous duct and subsequent fibrosis.

-Peau d’ Orange appearance:
It is due to blockage of the lymphatics draining the skin—cutaneous lymphedema. The hair follicles are more firmly fixed to the subcutaneous tissue than the rest of the skin. The hair follicles appear to be retracted and the between areas swell giving the orange peel appearance.

-Multifocal:
Tumor foci in the same quadrant are called multifocal.

-Multicentric:
Tumor foci in different quadrants are called multicentric.

#Surgery

Constipation:
- A bowel frequency of less than one every 3 days. (Fewer than two per week).

Obstipation:
-(Absolute constipation): Absence of passage of both stool and flatus.

#Surgery

Cough Impulse:
-Expansile impulse seen or felt over a swelling when the patient coughs, cries or strains.

#Surgery

Crepitus:
-Grating or crackling sensation imparted to the examining fingers.
-May be present when the joint contain loose bodies.

#Surgery

Flail chest:
-Three or more ribs fractured in 2 or more places.
-Bilateral costochondral separation will result in flail sternum.

Goiter:
- Any enlargement of thyroid gland is called goiter.

Grading of goiter: WHO (1990) Perez Classification
Grade 0 No goiter
Grade Ia Not visible, but palpable
Grade Ib Visible with neck extended and palpable
Grade II Visible with neck in normal position and palpable
Grade III Large gland evident from a distance.

#Surgery

Hydronephrosis:
-Aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction.

Renal angle:

-Angle between the 12th rib and the edge of the erectorspinae muscle.
-Normally this is empty and resonant.
-There should not be any tenderness.

#Surgery

Phimosis:
-Inability to retract the foreskin to expose the glans.
Paraphimosis:
-Inability to reduce a previously retracted foreskin.

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Massive hemothorax:-
When 1500 mL or more of blood is acutely removed from the pleural space, then it is called massive hemothorax.

#Surgery

Lower GI bleed:
-It is a bleeding from distal to the ligament of Treitz.

Upper GI bleed:
-It is a bleeding from proximal to the ligament of Treitz.

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Tension pneumothorax:

-Presence of air in the pleural cavity with signs of mediastinal shift like:
Tracheal shift or and Shift of Apex beat.

#Surgery

A tension pneumothorax impairs venous return by caval distortion from mediastinal shift and raised intrathoracic pressure with compression of the contralateral lung.


Radiological signs of tension pneumothorax:
1-Tracheal shift
2-Spreading of the ribs (Space between ribs increased)
3-Lowering of hemidiaphragm.

#Surgery

Third day fever:

-If a patient is developing fever on the third postoperative day of surgery, suspect septic foci in the IV cannula.

#Surgery