•In Esophageal Carcinoma:

-It is 6th most common cancer in the world.
-It is less than 1% of all cancers.
-It is 7% of all GI malignancies.
-Common in:
Middle third—50%.
Lower third—33%.
Upper third—17%.

-Recent onset of dysphagia is the commonest feature.

#Surgery
#GIT

•Helicobacter pylori infection, which can cause stomach cancer, has not been associated with esophageal cancer.

#Surgery

•24-hour pH recording is the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis of GORD.

#Medicine

Saphina varix :

-It is a dilatation of the termination of the long saphinous vein or one of its major tributaries.
-It shows as a blue tinged bulge in the groin that disappears on lying flat .

#Surgery
#Vascular

•Gaiter region

The skin over the lower medial third of the leg ( skin just above the medial malleolus ) .

It's the most common site for venous ulcerations.

#Surgery
#Vascular

Corona phlebectatcia " Ankle flare ",
When There's considerable dilatation of the intercutaneous veins BELOW the ankle in limbs with venous hypertension.

#Surgery
#Vascular

Ogilvie syndrome .

is the acute dilatation of the colon in the absence of any mechanical obstruction in severely ill patients.

This is a CT-Scan showing a coronal section of the abdomen of an elderly woman with Ogilvie syndrome .

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is characterized by massive dilatation of the cecum (diameter > 10 cm) and right colon on abdominal X-ray.
It is a type of megacolon, sometimes referred to as "acute megacolon" to distinguish it from toxic megacolon.

#Surgery
#GIT

Once you see the Earthy face of a Renal failure patient , you will never forget it.

#Medicine
#UT

Remember:

-The best fluid replacement incase of hemorrhagic shock is Cross matched blood .

#Medicine

-The most common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients is hyperparathyroidism.

-The most common cause of Hypercalcemia in hospitalised patients is malignancy .

-The most common malignancy leading to hypercalcemic crisis is breast cancer.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

•Whipple's triad

-Typical presentation of insulinomas.
Consists of :

1-Symptomatic fasting hypoglycemia.

2-Plasma glucose less than 50 mg/dl during the attack .

3-Dramatic improvement after administration of glucose.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

Courvoisier sign aka Courvoisier-Terrier sign:

-It states that in a patient with painless jaundice and an enlarged gallbladder (or right upper quadrant mass), the cause is unlikely to be gallstones and therefore presumes the cause to be an obstructing pancreatic or biliary neoplasm ( mostly carcinoma of head of the pancreas ) until proven otherwise .

#Surgery
#Biliary

-When pheochromocytomas are found in places other than the Adrenals they are called Paragangliomas .

#Medicine
#Endocrine

◼️ Remember that Hypercalcemia can lead to Acute pancreatitis , and acute pancreatitis itself causes Hypocalcemia .


◾️In this Case you may find the serum Calcium level Normal if Acute pancreatitis is caused by hypercalcemia .

#Surgery
#Pancreas

Pancreatitis.

◾️MCC of acute pancreatitis in Adults is Gallstones.

◾️MCC of acute pancreatitis in Children is Trauma

◾️MCC of chronic pancreatitis is chronic Alcohol intake


◾️Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP.

#Surgery
#Pancreas

•Most common cause of upper limbs lymphedema is Post mastectomy lymphedema.


•Most common cause of lower limbs lymphedema is Filariasis .

#Surgery
#Vascular

•The most important prognostic factor in breast cancer is axillary lymph nodes status .

•And the most important prognostic factor in metastatic breast cancer is ER, PR status.

#Surgery
#Breast

•Important Note :

-Male breast cancer is preceded by gynaecomastia in 20 % of cases But gynaecomastia is not a risk factor for male Breast cancer.

#Surgery
#Breast

•Conditions that could be diagnosed using FNAC :

1. Colloid nodules
2. Thyroiditis
3. Papillary carcinoma
4. Medullary carcinoma
5. Anaplastic carcinoma
6. Lymphoma

-Note that ALL types of thyroid malignancies can be diagnosed used FNAC except Follicular type as it's diagnosis is based on Histology rather than cytology to demonstrate capsular and vascular invasion.

#Surgery
#Thyroid

•Hour glass contracture:
-It is a complication of gastric ulcer, occurs exclusively in women, is due to cicatricial contracture of lesser curve ulcer.

•Tea-pot deformity (Hand-bag stomach):
-It is a complication of GU, it's due to cicatrisation and shortening of the lesser curvature.

#Surgery
#Stomach

-Acute ulcers after major burns are called as Curling’s ulcers.

-Acute ulcers after cerebral trauma or neurosurgeries are called as Cushing’s ulcers.

#Surgery
#Stomach