•Physiological edema during pregnancy:
-The cause of physiological edema is due to increased venous pressure of the inferior extremities by the gravid uterus pressing on the common iliac veins.
-The features of the physiological edema are:
(1) Slight degree (ankle edema), usually confined to one leg, more on the right
(2) Unassociated with any other features of pre-eclampsia or proteinuria
(3) Disappears on rest alone
(4) Other pathologies of cardiac, renal and hematological are absent.
#Obs_Gyne
-The cause of physiological edema is due to increased venous pressure of the inferior extremities by the gravid uterus pressing on the common iliac veins.
-The features of the physiological edema are:
(1) Slight degree (ankle edema), usually confined to one leg, more on the right
(2) Unassociated with any other features of pre-eclampsia or proteinuria
(3) Disappears on rest alone
(4) Other pathologies of cardiac, renal and hematological are absent.
#Obs_Gyne
Remember:
-Auscultation of FHR at the earliest by 18–20 weeks using ordinary stethoscope and that using Doppler principle at 10th week.
#Obs_Gyne
-Auscultation of FHR at the earliest by 18–20 weeks using ordinary stethoscope and that using Doppler principle at 10th week.
#Obs_Gyne
Hegar’s sign:
-It is present in two-thirds of cases"Pregnant women".
-It can be demonstrated between 6–10 weeks, a little earlier in multiparae.
-This sign is based on the fact that:
(1) upper part of the body of the uterus is enlarged by the growing fetus
(2) lower part of the body is empty and extremely soft and
(3) the cervix is comparatively firm. Because of variation in consistency, on bimanual examination (two fingers in the anterior fornix and the abdominal fingers behind the uterus), the abdominal and vaginal fingers seem to appose below the body of the uterus.
-Examination must be gentle to avoid the risk of abortion.
#Obs_Gyne
-It is present in two-thirds of cases"Pregnant women".
-It can be demonstrated between 6–10 weeks, a little earlier in multiparae.
-This sign is based on the fact that:
(1) upper part of the body of the uterus is enlarged by the growing fetus
(2) lower part of the body is empty and extremely soft and
(3) the cervix is comparatively firm. Because of variation in consistency, on bimanual examination (two fingers in the anterior fornix and the abdominal fingers behind the uterus), the abdominal and vaginal fingers seem to appose below the body of the uterus.
-Examination must be gentle to avoid the risk of abortion.
#Obs_Gyne
NORMAL LABOR (EUTOCIA):
Labor is called normal if it fulfils the
following criteria:
1. Spontaneous in onset and at term
2. With vertex presentation
3. Without undue prolongation
4. Natural termination with minimal aids
5. Without having any complications affecting the health of the mother and/or the baby.
#Obs_Gyne
Labor is called normal if it fulfils the
following criteria:
1. Spontaneous in onset and at term
2. With vertex presentation
3. Without undue prolongation
4. Natural termination with minimal aids
5. Without having any complications affecting the health of the mother and/or the baby.
#Obs_Gyne
Forwarded from Draft of some imp. notes
ABNORMAL LABOR (DYSTOCIA):
-Any deviation from the definition of normal labor is called abnormal labor.
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-Any deviation from the definition of normal labor is called abnormal labor.
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Women are informed about the warning signs of pregnancy, when they should report the hospital.
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#Obs_Gyne
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Anovulation is an anovulatory cycle or a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release an oocyte. Therefore, ovulation does not take place.
#Obs_Gyne
#Obs_Gyne
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in women.
#Gynecology
#Gynecology
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Life saving treatment in PPH
Once PPH has been identified , involve the following :
1- Identify possible PPH
2- call for help
3- ABC
4- give O2 for pt .
5- insert 2 Large bore IV access
6- CBC/cross-match and type
7- insert Foley catheter
8- massage of uterus
9- diagnosis of 4 “ Ts “ & spescific treatment accordingly.
#Obstetrics
Once PPH has been identified , involve the following :
1- Identify possible PPH
2- call for help
3- ABC
4- give O2 for pt .
5- insert 2 Large bore IV access
6- CBC/cross-match and type
7- insert Foley catheter
8- massage of uterus
9- diagnosis of 4 “ Ts “ & spescific treatment accordingly.
#Obstetrics
Forwarded from Quick Notes
▫️The most common cause of bleeding in females before puberty is a foreign body.
▫️The most common cause of bleeding in females during adolescence is pregnancy complications.
▫️The most common cause of bleeding in females after menopause is atrophic vaginitis.
#Obs_Gyne
Emergency treatment of hyperkalemia:
◼️Attach ECG monitor and obtain IV access.
◼️Priority is to PROTECT MYOCARDIUM and this should be the first to be done, give 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate over 5 minutes (some authorities advocate 2 minutes), the protective effect is short lasting and this may need to be repeated 15 minutes later.
◼️Drive Potassium inside cells by administrating insulin, give 10 units in 50 mL of 50% glucose IV over 10 minutes and then monitor potassium and Glucose levels.
◼️If severe acidosis is present (pH less than 6.9) give sodium bicarbonate 1.26%.
◼️Additional line of treatment is salbutamol 0.5 mg in 100 mL of glucose IV over 15 minute, this is rarely done in current times.
◼️Deplete potassium over the next 24 hours by using polystyrene sulphonate resins, give 15 g orally three times a day followed by a laxative, or give 30 g rectally followed by enema 3-6 hours later.
◼️If above treatment lines fails, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is indicated.
#Medicine
◼️Attach ECG monitor and obtain IV access.
◼️Priority is to PROTECT MYOCARDIUM and this should be the first to be done, give 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate over 5 minutes (some authorities advocate 2 minutes), the protective effect is short lasting and this may need to be repeated 15 minutes later.
◼️Drive Potassium inside cells by administrating insulin, give 10 units in 50 mL of 50% glucose IV over 10 minutes and then monitor potassium and Glucose levels.
◼️If severe acidosis is present (pH less than 6.9) give sodium bicarbonate 1.26%.
◼️Additional line of treatment is salbutamol 0.5 mg in 100 mL of glucose IV over 15 minute, this is rarely done in current times.
◼️Deplete potassium over the next 24 hours by using polystyrene sulphonate resins, give 15 g orally three times a day followed by a laxative, or give 30 g rectally followed by enema 3-6 hours later.
◼️If above treatment lines fails, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is indicated.
#Medicine
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Why is Respiratory distress syndrome more common in babies of diabetic mother?
-Because fetal hyperinulinaemia inhibits the formation of lung surfactant and delays lung maturity.
#Obs_Gyne
#Pediatrics
-Because fetal hyperinulinaemia inhibits the formation of lung surfactant and delays lung maturity.
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#Pediatrics
Remember:
-The total serum T4 is normally increased during pregnancy as estrogen increases the thyroxine-binding globulin.
#Obs_Gyne
-The total serum T4 is normally increased during pregnancy as estrogen increases the thyroxine-binding globulin.
#Obs_Gyne
Remember:
-A grand multipara relates to a pregnant mother who has got previous four or more viable births.
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-A grand multipara relates to a pregnant mother who has got previous four or more viable births.
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PRESENTATION:
-The part of the fetus which occupies the lower pole of the uterus (pelvic brim) is called the presentation of the fetus.
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-The part of the fetus which occupies the lower pole of the uterus (pelvic brim) is called the presentation of the fetus.
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PESENTING PART:
-The presenting part is defined as the part of the presentation which overlies the internal os and is felt by the examining finger through the cervical opening.
-Thus, in cephalic presentation, the presenting part may be vertex (most common), brow or face, dep ending upon the degree of flexion of the head.
#Obs_Gyne
-The presenting part is defined as the part of the presentation which overlies the internal os and is felt by the examining finger through the cervical opening.
-Thus, in cephalic presentation, the presenting part may be vertex (most common), brow or face, dep ending upon the degree of flexion of the head.
#Obs_Gyne