-Infection: HIV, rubella, syphilis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, toxoplasmosis, etc.
– Illnesses: Anemia, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, heart diseases, etc.
– Abnormal vaginal bleeding
– Trauma
•Examples of toxins and teratogens: Alcohol, phenytoin, warfarin, tetracycline, narcotics, etc.
• Maternal smoking is associated with low birth weight and increased risk of
obesity and diabetes in the offspring.
•Exposure to radiation.


هذولاء قالوا اللي يعنيهن الدكتور البهلولي بالـ chronic diseases.

Note:

Neural tube defects represent a group of congenital defects, caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube within 28 days of conception.
The most common forms are anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele.
The main risk factors are maternal folate deficiency, maternal vitamin B12 deficiency, previous history of having an infant with a neural tube defect, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and use of antiepileptic drugs.

Lobar pneumonia:
Unilateral affection of one or more lobes,mostly cause by bacteria,chest x-ray shows lobar consolidation
Bronchopbeumonia:
Bilateral affection of both lungs with small foci,cause bacterial or viral,chest x-ray shows fine nodular or patchy infiltration .

جميل
ولو قلك ممكن يستخدم vaccine قبل 9 month
Says yes,if the mother shows negative history of infection of measles or negative history of vaccination.

The difference between rhonchi and wheezing?
In character,rhonchi is low-pitched sound
Wheeze is high -pitched musical sound
Cause,rhonchi occurs due to secretion in bronchi and disappear by coughing(bronchitis ,bronchiectesis,cystic fibrosis).
Wheeze occurs due to narrowing of bronchi asthma,bronchiolitis.
Rhonchi is subtype of wheezing

الطريقه العلميه لتحضير الشبيسه


هي عباره عن وجبه تكميليه للطفل تحتوي على جميع العناصر الغذائيه الضروريه لجسم الطفل . حيث تتكون من دقيق الحبوب والبقوليات مع بعضها البعض.
يتم اعدادها كالتالي:يتم جمع عدة انواح من الحبوب ( شعير . ذره . دخن. بر. ...الخ) وجمع عدة انواع من البقوليات ( فاصوليا. بازيلا. فول . عدس . صويا ....الخ)حسب الموجود بالسوق ، ويتم تحميصهم على نار خفيفه . حتى نقلل من نسبة الماء بالحبوب والبقوليات، ثم يتم طحنهم كل مجموعه على حده.بعدها يتم جمع دقيق كلا الصنفين بالنسبه 4 : 1
بمعنى : 4 مكاييل حبوب مقابل مكيال واحد بقول

وهذه هي الطريقه العلميه لصنع الشبيسه.

يتم طبخها مع الحليب كوجبه لينه مع اضافة ملعقه صغيره من الزيت الطبيعي المدعم. وكذا تكون الوجبه عباره عن وجبه متكامله للطفل.
اذا ما وجد حليب قد تطبخ مع الماء.

Said fever if measurement temperature in axilla equal or above 37,5 c°,in rectal equal or above 38 c°.

Apgar Score

-Apgar score refers to a rapid neonatal examination, which is carried out within the first few minutes of life to assess the newborn’s progress or deterioration during the transition to extrauterine life.

Apgar score is usually assessed at 1 and 5 min after birth, but assessment of Apgar score at 10 min is sometimes needed (if the 5-minute Apgar score is below 7).

•At 1minute 👉🏻 reflects the need for resuscitation.
•At 5 minutes 👉🏻reflects the effectiveness of resuscitation.

-Healthy newborns commonly score 7 at 1 min, 8 at 5 min, and 10 at 10 min.


-If the Apgar score is less than 7, then the baby should be resuscitated, and the score should be calculated every 5 min until normal or for up to 20 min of life.

Interpretation of 1-min Apgar Score

•From 0 to 3 indicates severe birth asphyxia; it requires immediate resuscitation and care in the NICU.

•From 4 to 6 indicates moderate birth asphyxia and requires close observation.

•From 8 to 10 indicates excellent condition (no birth asphyxia).

Normal children have temperature between (36.5 -37.5 °C).

-What are the absolute contraindications of breastfeeding?
In babies having galactosemia or phenylketonuria.

FALSE-POSITIVE (NO FETAL ACIDOSIS OR HYPOXIA;
LOW APGAR SCORE)
Prematurity
Analgesics, narcotics, sedatives
Magnesium sulfate
Acute cerebral trauma
Precipitous delivery
Congenital myopathy
Congenital neuropathy
Spinal cord trauma
Central nervous system anomaly
Lung anomaly (diaphragmatic hernia)
Airway obstruction (choanal atresia)
Congenital pneumonia and sepsis
Previous episodes of fetal asphyxia (recovered)
Hemorrhage-hypovolemia
FALSE-NEGATIVE (ACIDOSIS; NORMAL APGAR SCORE)
Maternal acidosis
High fetal catecholamine levels
Some full-term infants

*Regardless of the etiology, a low Apgar score because of fetal asphyxia,immaturity, central nervous system depression, or airway obstruction identifies
an infant needing immediate resuscitation.

Q1) If a 7-years old child is not yet vaccined ,can we give all types of vaccination?
Yes ,except pertusis vaccine as the incidence of encephalopathy is high in such
cases.
Q2) What type of vaccine that should be given to an immuno-copromised child?
All types except live attenuated vaccine.
Q3) Why polio vaccine is given in the posterior aspect of the tongue?
To guarantee that the child will swallow and won't throw it.
Q4) oral polio vaccine is given in developing countries & not in developed
countries?
Because it provides 3 stations of immunity which is needed in such societies.
Q5) Is BCG a good way to control TB?
No , but it is used only to prevent it (never to be adopted in TB control
strategies).

Degrees of Consanguinity

First degree: parents, siblings (brothers and sisters), or children (sons and daughters). First-degree relatives share 50% of their genes.

Second degree: uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, grandparents, grandchildren, or half-siblings. Second-degree relatives share 25% of their genes.

Third degree: first-cousins, great-grandparents,  or great-grandchildren.Third-degree relatives share 12.5% of their genes.

معلومات قد تفيدك
ايش الفائدة من لقاح BCG
مع انه لا يحمي من الاصابة بالمرض؟
منع المضاعفات التي قد تحدث عند اصابة الطفل في السنة الاولى من عمره والتي تشمل:
TB meningitis
Miliary tuberculosis

١)في مره سؤال خصوصا اذا كانت حالتك measles في طفل عمره اقل من 9 أشهر

ليش الطفل مصاب بال measles وع أساس فيه
natural immunity ?? Because of
- Not enough Breast feeding
- Mother isn't immunized( no vaccine & previous infection)
- pt. is immunocompromised


٢) ليش يجيبوا مع لقاح ال measles
Vit.A???

- because" vit. A helps in epithelization of respiratory tract ...


٣)ليش ما نجيب ال Rota vaccine بعد ال ٨ أشهر ؟؟

Because" it increases the risk of intussusception.

Differences in Pneumonia, effusion, Pnx.

#Pediatrics

Causes of CHF in different age groups.

#Pediatrics

Rheumatic fever vs Rheumatoid arthritis.

#Pediatrics

Innocent vs Organic murmur.

#Pediatrics