Remember:
-Primary microcephaly is present since birth and the causes are inherited.
-Secondary microcephaly occurs due to an insult to the growing brain, which results in deceleration or arrest of brain growth.
#Pediatrics
-Primary microcephaly is present since birth and the causes are inherited.
-Secondary microcephaly occurs due to an insult to the growing brain, which results in deceleration or arrest of brain growth.
#Pediatrics
Brachycephaly is seen in:
• Apert's syndrome
• Carpenter's syndrome
• Crouzon's syndrome
• Down's syndrome.
#Pediatrics
• Apert's syndrome
• Carpenter's syndrome
• Crouzon's syndrome
• Down's syndrome.
#Pediatrics
Severe perinatal asphyxia criteria according to American academy:
1. Apgar score <4 for 5minutes
2. Umblical artery PH<7
3. Neurological disorder as seizures
4. Multiorgan disorders.
#Pediatrics
1. Apgar score <4 for 5minutes
2. Umblical artery PH<7
3. Neurological disorder as seizures
4. Multiorgan disorders.
#Pediatrics
Causes of death in Marasmus:
1-Severe hypoglycemia
2-Shock "septic or dehydration"
3-Dehydration and electrolytes disturbance
4-Heart failure
5-Hypothermia
6-DIC
7-Infections especially pneumonia.
#Pediatrics
1-Severe hypoglycemia
2-Shock "septic or dehydration"
3-Dehydration and electrolytes disturbance
4-Heart failure
5-Hypothermia
6-DIC
7-Infections especially pneumonia.
#Pediatrics
-The term aseptic meningitis principally refers to viral meningitis, but meningitis with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial cultures may be seen with other infectious organisms (Lyme disease, syphilis, tuberculosis).
#Pediatrics
#Pediatrics
Remember:
-In older children, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis remain the most common causes of bacterial meningitis.
-Staphylococcal meningitis primarily occurs after neurosurgery or penetrating head trauma.
#Pediatrics
-In older children, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis remain the most common causes of bacterial meningitis.
-Staphylococcal meningitis primarily occurs after neurosurgery or penetrating head trauma.
#Pediatrics
Partially treated bacterial meningitis:
Pressure:
Normal or elevated1-10,000;
Cells:
PMNs usual but mononuclear cells may predominate if pretreated for extended period
Protein:
>100 mg/dl
Glucose:
Depressed or normal
Organisms may be seen; pre treatment may render CSF sterile but bacteria may be detected by PCR.
#Pediatrics
Pressure:
Normal or elevated1-10,000;
Cells:
PMNs usual but mononuclear cells may predominate if pretreated for extended period
Protein:
>100 mg/dl
Glucose:
Depressed or normal
Organisms may be seen; pre treatment may render CSF sterile but bacteria may be detected by PCR.
#Pediatrics
UTI in first year is more common in males than females, why?
-Due to posterior urethral valve which exclusively occurs in males.
-But after that the incidence is more in females due to short and wide urethra.
#Pediatrics
-Due to posterior urethral valve which exclusively occurs in males.
-But after that the incidence is more in females due to short and wide urethra.
#Pediatrics
Remember:
-E.coli is the most common cause of UTI in children.
-Pseudomonas occurs especially in long standing catheterzation and neurogenic bladder.
-Klebsiella more in newborn.
-Adenovirus causes haemorrhgic cystitis.
#Pediatrics
-E.coli is the most common cause of UTI in children.
-Pseudomonas occurs especially in long standing catheterzation and neurogenic bladder.
-Klebsiella more in newborn.
-Adenovirus causes haemorrhgic cystitis.
#Pediatrics
Maternal risk factors of Birth asphyxia:
1-Hypertension
2-Eclampsia and preeclampsia
3-Diabetes Mellitus
4-Nephritis
5-Hypotension
6-Infection
7-Uterine tetany due to excessive oxytocin.
8-Maternal hypoxia
9-Elderly or young mothers
10-Antepartum and intrapartum anemia.
#Pediatrics
1-Hypertension
2-Eclampsia and preeclampsia
3-Diabetes Mellitus
4-Nephritis
5-Hypotension
6-Infection
7-Uterine tetany due to excessive oxytocin.
8-Maternal hypoxia
9-Elderly or young mothers
10-Antepartum and intrapartum anemia.
#Pediatrics
Maternal causes of IUGR:
1-Chronic illness like essential hypertension, pregnancy induced hypertension, chronic renal failure, DM and heart disease.
2-Young maternal age <18 years.
3-Poor maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
4-Fundal lag less 4 cm for gestional age.
5-Short stature.
6-Anemia.
7-Pre-pregnancy weight <50 kg.
8-Prior history of IUGR in a baby.
9-Multiple pregnancy.
10-Poor socioeconomic status.
11-Malnutrition of mother.
12-Smoking in mother.
13-Drugs "like phenytoin, valoprate).
#Pediatrics
1-Chronic illness like essential hypertension, pregnancy induced hypertension, chronic renal failure, DM and heart disease.
2-Young maternal age <18 years.
3-Poor maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
4-Fundal lag less 4 cm for gestional age.
5-Short stature.
6-Anemia.
7-Pre-pregnancy weight <50 kg.
8-Prior history of IUGR in a baby.
9-Multiple pregnancy.
10-Poor socioeconomic status.
11-Malnutrition of mother.
12-Smoking in mother.
13-Drugs "like phenytoin, valoprate).
#Pediatrics
Complications of hypothermia:
1-Hypglycemia, metabolic acidosis and hypoxia.
2-Clotting disorders: DIC and pulmonary haemorrhage.
3-Shock, decreased perfusion.
4-Intraventricular haemorrhage.
5-Apnea, severe sinus bradycardia and increased neonatal mortality.
#Pediatrics
1-Hypglycemia, metabolic acidosis and hypoxia.
2-Clotting disorders: DIC and pulmonary haemorrhage.
3-Shock, decreased perfusion.
4-Intraventricular haemorrhage.
5-Apnea, severe sinus bradycardia and increased neonatal mortality.
#Pediatrics
Criteria of Physiologic Jaundice:
It is a diagnosis of exclusion, having the following criteria:
1-It occurs in apparently healthy infants. "No pallor, organomegaly nor risk of kernicterus".
2-Clinical Jaundice appears after 24 hours of age, 2-3rd day in full term while 3-4th day in preterm.
3-Total bilirubin rises by less than 5mg/dl/day.
4-Peak bilirubin occurs at the 4th day"3-5 days" of age in term while in preterm its peak at 6th -8th day with a total bilirubin of no more than 12.9 mg/dl in term and more than 15mg/dl in preterm infant.
5-Clinical jaundice is resolved by 1 week in the term while 2 weeks in the preterm infant.
#Pediatrics
It is a diagnosis of exclusion, having the following criteria:
1-It occurs in apparently healthy infants. "No pallor, organomegaly nor risk of kernicterus".
2-Clinical Jaundice appears after 24 hours of age, 2-3rd day in full term while 3-4th day in preterm.
3-Total bilirubin rises by less than 5mg/dl/day.
4-Peak bilirubin occurs at the 4th day"3-5 days" of age in term while in preterm its peak at 6th -8th day with a total bilirubin of no more than 12.9 mg/dl in term and more than 15mg/dl in preterm infant.
5-Clinical jaundice is resolved by 1 week in the term while 2 weeks in the preterm infant.
#Pediatrics
Criteria of Pathological Jaundice:
Jaundice is pathologic if:
1-It is evident in the first day of life, also at any time.
2-Bilirubin increases more than 0.5mg/dl/hr or 5mg/dl/day.
3-Peak bilirubin is greater than 13mg/dl in trerm or 15mg/dl in preterm infant.
4-Direct bilirubin fraction is greater than 1.5-2 mg/dl.
5-Associated problems (e.g. anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, signs of sepsis, kernicterus).
6-Clinical jaundice persisting for more than 1week in a full term infant or 2 weeks in a preterm infant.
#Pediatrics
Jaundice is pathologic if:
1-It is evident in the first day of life, also at any time.
2-Bilirubin increases more than 0.5mg/dl/hr or 5mg/dl/day.
3-Peak bilirubin is greater than 13mg/dl in trerm or 15mg/dl in preterm infant.
4-Direct bilirubin fraction is greater than 1.5-2 mg/dl.
5-Associated problems (e.g. anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, signs of sepsis, kernicterus).
6-Clinical jaundice persisting for more than 1week in a full term infant or 2 weeks in a preterm infant.
#Pediatrics
Some equations to ease calculation:
Child’s weight at 3–12 months = (age in months + 8)/2
Child’s weight at 1–6 years = 2(age in years) + 8
In children aged 2–12 years, height can also be estimated by using the following formula:
-Child’s height in centimeters = 6.5(age in years) + 75
#Infections
Child’s weight at 3–12 months = (age in months + 8)/2
Child’s weight at 1–6 years = 2(age in years) + 8
In children aged 2–12 years, height can also be estimated by using the following formula:
-Child’s height in centimeters = 6.5(age in years) + 75
#Infections