Forwarded from Quick Notes
Hyperparathyroidism X-rays Findings:
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Osteomalacia X-ray:
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
X-ray: low sensitivity and specificity for osteomyelitis ;
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer:
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Remember:
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Osteomalacia:
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
-Patellectomy (in cases of comminuted fracture) is removal of the entire patella, whereas a partial patellectomy is removal of only a portion of the patella, while any ligaments or tendons that had been connected to the removed portion are connected to the remaining portion.
#Surgery
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Radiological features of Rheumatoid Arthritis:
(LESS):
L: Loss of joint space
E: Erosions
S: Soft tissue swelling
S: Soft bones (osteopenia).
#Rheumatology
#Medicine
(LESS):
L: Loss of joint space
E: Erosions
S: Soft tissue swelling
S: Soft bones (osteopenia).
#Rheumatology
#Medicine
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Gleason Grade of Carcinoma Prostate
(1–5)is asfollows:
1.Small uniform glands
2.More stroma between glands
3.Distinctly infiltrative margins
4.Irregular masses of neoplastic glands
5.Only occasional gland formation (undifferentiated).
#Surgery
(1–5)is asfollows:
1.Small uniform glands
2.More stroma between glands
3.Distinctly infiltrative margins
4.Irregular masses of neoplastic glands
5.Only occasional gland formation (undifferentiated).
#Surgery
•Indications of surgical treatment in case of closed depressed skull fracture:
1-If it's larger than one inch.
2-If it compresses an important area as motor area.
3-Results in cosmetic deformity.
4-Overlies air sinuses.
-Compound depressed : needs operative treatment.
#Surgery
1-If it's larger than one inch.
2-If it compresses an important area as motor area.
3-Results in cosmetic deformity.
4-Overlies air sinuses.
-Compound depressed : needs operative treatment.
#Surgery
Ortolani’s test:
-This test defects hips that are already dislocated
- The baby’s thighs are held with the thumbs medially and the fingers resting on the greater trochanters; the hips are then flexed to 90°, which should normally be a smooth movement.
-In the presence of dysplasia or dislocation, there is resistance that is overcome when pressure is applied to the greater trochanter. There is a soft clunk as the hip is reduced.
#Surgery
-This test defects hips that are already dislocated
- The baby’s thighs are held with the thumbs medially and the fingers resting on the greater trochanters; the hips are then flexed to 90°, which should normally be a smooth movement.
-In the presence of dysplasia or dislocation, there is resistance that is overcome when pressure is applied to the greater trochanter. There is a soft clunk as the hip is reduced.
#Surgery
Barlow test:
-This test detects an unstable but located hip!
-A physical examination maneuver used to evaluate developmental dysplasia of hip.
-The child's hips are placed in 90° of flexion and the examiner adducts the leg and applies downward pressure.
-A palpable clunk represents a subluxation of the examined hip (positive barlow sign).
#Surgery
-This test detects an unstable but located hip!
-A physical examination maneuver used to evaluate developmental dysplasia of hip.
-The child's hips are placed in 90° of flexion and the examiner adducts the leg and applies downward pressure.
-A palpable clunk represents a subluxation of the examined hip (positive barlow sign).
#Surgery
Functions of Spleen:
1-Response to antigenic challenge—by secreting antibodies like IgM, tuftin, opsonins, properdin, interferons.
2-Destruction or correction of abnormal cells like old RBCs, target cells, siderocytes, spherocytes or removal of inclusion bodies or parasites from the RBCs by culling and pitting.
3-Phagocytosis of foreign substances.
4-As platelet reservoir.
5-Erythrocyte production:
-In fetal life, it is an important site of RBC production till 5th month of gestation.
-In adults erythropoiesis in spleen. occurs only if marrow production is inadequate, e.g. in myelofibrosis.
6-Iron reutilisation.
#Surgery
1-Response to antigenic challenge—by secreting antibodies like IgM, tuftin, opsonins, properdin, interferons.
2-Destruction or correction of abnormal cells like old RBCs, target cells, siderocytes, spherocytes or removal of inclusion bodies or parasites from the RBCs by culling and pitting.
3-Phagocytosis of foreign substances.
4-As platelet reservoir.
5-Erythrocyte production:
-In fetal life, it is an important site of RBC production till 5th month of gestation.
-In adults erythropoiesis in spleen. occurs only if marrow production is inadequate, e.g. in myelofibrosis.
6-Iron reutilisation.
#Surgery
Plain X-ray abdomen findings in Spleen Trauma:
1-Obliteration of splenic outline
2-Obliteration of psoas shadow (most important feature)
3-Indentation of fundic gas shadow
4-Fracture of lower ribs
5-Elevation of left side of diaphragm
6-Free fluid in the abdomen between coils of intestine.
#Surgery
1-Obliteration of splenic outline
2-Obliteration of psoas shadow (most important feature)
3-Indentation of fundic gas shadow
4-Fracture of lower ribs
5-Elevation of left side of diaphragm
6-Free fluid in the abdomen between coils of intestine.
#Surgery
Trendelenburg test:
-Patient in standing position and asked to lift one leg; the pelvis should remain level but if falls or dips inferiorly on the side of the raised leg, this is indicative of abductor muscle weakness on side of standing leg.
#Surgery
-Patient in standing position and asked to lift one leg; the pelvis should remain level but if falls or dips inferiorly on the side of the raised leg, this is indicative of abductor muscle weakness on side of standing leg.
#Surgery
Legg- Calve- Perthes disease:
-Unknown pathophysiology
-It's idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head; typically presents at age 4–8 years.
#Surgery
-Unknown pathophysiology
-It's idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head; typically presents at age 4–8 years.
#Surgery
Developmental dysplasia of the hip;:
-Abnormal hip development resulting in laxity, subluxation, or dislocation of the. hip; initial instability/laxity of the. hip results in malposition-ing of the femoral head in the developing acetabulum and incomplete formation of the hip socket; dysplasia can lead to gradual dislocation, difficulty with ambulation, degenerative arthritis, and pain.
#Surgery
-Abnormal hip development resulting in laxity, subluxation, or dislocation of the. hip; initial instability/laxity of the. hip results in malposition-ing of the femoral head in the developing acetabulum and incomplete formation of the hip socket; dysplasia can lead to gradual dislocation, difficulty with ambulation, degenerative arthritis, and pain.
#Surgery
Developmental dysplasia of the hip X-ray:
- Subluxation or dislocation of the femoral head from the acetabulum;. difficult to assess on x-ray in infants, for which ultrasound is typically used.
#Surgery
- Subluxation or dislocation of the femoral head from the acetabulum;. difficult to assess on x-ray in infants, for which ultrasound is typically used.
#Surgery
Spread of HCC:
-Lymphatic spread: It can spread to other part of liver through lymphatics within the liver, to the lymph nodes in the porta hepatis and other abdominal lymph nodes later. Often spread occurs directly to cisterna chyli.
-Blood spread: To lungs, bones and adrenals often can occur.
-Direct infiltration: To diaphragm and neighbouring structures.
#Surgery
-Lymphatic spread: It can spread to other part of liver through lymphatics within the liver, to the lymph nodes in the porta hepatis and other abdominal lymph nodes later. Often spread occurs directly to cisterna chyli.
-Blood spread: To lungs, bones and adrenals often can occur.
-Direct infiltration: To diaphragm and neighbouring structures.
#Surgery