Causes of oesophageal perforation:
1) Traumatic causes
a. Iatrogenic (most common)
b. Penetrating or blunt injury.
c. Foreign bodies.
d. Swallowing corrosives.
2) ‘Barotrauma’ (spontaneous perforation (Boerhaave syndrome ) .
3) Pathological perforation: ulcers or tumours .
#رمزي
1) Traumatic causes
a. Iatrogenic (most common)
b. Penetrating or blunt injury.
c. Foreign bodies.
d. Swallowing corrosives.
2) ‘Barotrauma’ (spontaneous perforation (Boerhaave syndrome ) .
3) Pathological perforation: ulcers or tumours .
#رمزي
Complications of parotid surgery:
1. Haematoma formation;
2. Infection;
3. Temporary facial nerve weakness;
4. Transection of the facial nerve and permanent facial weakness;
5. Sialocele;
6. Facial numbness;
7. Permanent numbness of the ear lobe associated with great auricular nerve transection;
8. Frey’s syndrome.
#رمزي
1. Haematoma formation;
2. Infection;
3. Temporary facial nerve weakness;
4. Transection of the facial nerve and permanent facial weakness;
5. Sialocele;
6. Facial numbness;
7. Permanent numbness of the ear lobe associated with great auricular nerve transection;
8. Frey’s syndrome.
#رمزي
•COMPLICATIONS OF GASTRIC SURGERY:
1-Haemorrhage.
2-Stomal obstruction.
3-Biliary fistula.
4-Injury to CBD.
5-Duodenal blow out—on 4th postoperative day.
6-Pancreatitis.
7-Recurrent ulcer/stomal ulcer.
8-Gastrojejunocolic fistula.
9-Dumping syndrome (Postcibal syndrome).
10-Nutritional disturbances, diarrhoea.
11-Pulmonary tuberculosis.
12-Carcinoma in gastric remnant (after 10–15 years).
13-Gallstone formation.
14-Alkaline gastritis.
15-Afferent and efferent loop. syndrome.
16-Afferent loop obstruction-common.
17-Efferent loop obstruction.
#رمزي
1-Haemorrhage.
2-Stomal obstruction.
3-Biliary fistula.
4-Injury to CBD.
5-Duodenal blow out—on 4th postoperative day.
6-Pancreatitis.
7-Recurrent ulcer/stomal ulcer.
8-Gastrojejunocolic fistula.
9-Dumping syndrome (Postcibal syndrome).
10-Nutritional disturbances, diarrhoea.
11-Pulmonary tuberculosis.
12-Carcinoma in gastric remnant (after 10–15 years).
13-Gallstone formation.
14-Alkaline gastritis.
15-Afferent and efferent loop. syndrome.
16-Afferent loop obstruction-common.
17-Efferent loop obstruction.
#رمزي
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome: (ARM PIT).
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Hyperparathyroidism X-rays Findings:
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Osteomalacia X-ray:
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
X-ray: low sensitivity and specificity for osteomyelitis ;
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer:
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Remember:
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Osteomalacia:
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
-Patellectomy (in cases of comminuted fracture) is removal of the entire patella, whereas a partial patellectomy is removal of only a portion of the patella, while any ligaments or tendons that had been connected to the removed portion are connected to the remaining portion.
#Surgery
#Surgery