What are the complication of peptic ulcer?
•Acute complications that occur during periods of ulcer activity·
1-Perforation.
2-Bleeding
• Chronic complications that occur insidiously:
1-Fibrous contractures of ulcers produce pyloric stenosis, and hourglass stomach.
2-Penetration.
3- Malignant transformation of a gastric ulcer
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#رمزي
•Acute complications that occur during periods of ulcer activity·
1-Perforation.
2-Bleeding
• Chronic complications that occur insidiously:
1-Fibrous contractures of ulcers produce pyloric stenosis, and hourglass stomach.
2-Penetration.
3- Malignant transformation of a gastric ulcer
هذا حق د.الشجاع.
#رمزي
Macroscopic types of gastric cancer:
1-Polypoid
2-Fungating
3-Ulcerative
4-Schirhous (linitis plastica )more aggressive .
#رمزي
1-Polypoid
2-Fungating
3-Ulcerative
4-Schirhous (linitis plastica )more aggressive .
#رمزي
Causes of oesophageal perforation:
1) Traumatic causes
a. Iatrogenic (most common)
b. Penetrating or blunt injury.
c. Foreign bodies.
d. Swallowing corrosives.
2) ‘Barotrauma’ (spontaneous perforation (Boerhaave syndrome ) .
3) Pathological perforation: ulcers or tumours .
#رمزي
1) Traumatic causes
a. Iatrogenic (most common)
b. Penetrating or blunt injury.
c. Foreign bodies.
d. Swallowing corrosives.
2) ‘Barotrauma’ (spontaneous perforation (Boerhaave syndrome ) .
3) Pathological perforation: ulcers or tumours .
#رمزي
Complications of parotid surgery:
1. Haematoma formation;
2. Infection;
3. Temporary facial nerve weakness;
4. Transection of the facial nerve and permanent facial weakness;
5. Sialocele;
6. Facial numbness;
7. Permanent numbness of the ear lobe associated with great auricular nerve transection;
8. Frey’s syndrome.
#رمزي
1. Haematoma formation;
2. Infection;
3. Temporary facial nerve weakness;
4. Transection of the facial nerve and permanent facial weakness;
5. Sialocele;
6. Facial numbness;
7. Permanent numbness of the ear lobe associated with great auricular nerve transection;
8. Frey’s syndrome.
#رمزي
•COMPLICATIONS OF GASTRIC SURGERY:
1-Haemorrhage.
2-Stomal obstruction.
3-Biliary fistula.
4-Injury to CBD.
5-Duodenal blow out—on 4th postoperative day.
6-Pancreatitis.
7-Recurrent ulcer/stomal ulcer.
8-Gastrojejunocolic fistula.
9-Dumping syndrome (Postcibal syndrome).
10-Nutritional disturbances, diarrhoea.
11-Pulmonary tuberculosis.
12-Carcinoma in gastric remnant (after 10–15 years).
13-Gallstone formation.
14-Alkaline gastritis.
15-Afferent and efferent loop. syndrome.
16-Afferent loop obstruction-common.
17-Efferent loop obstruction.
#رمزي
1-Haemorrhage.
2-Stomal obstruction.
3-Biliary fistula.
4-Injury to CBD.
5-Duodenal blow out—on 4th postoperative day.
6-Pancreatitis.
7-Recurrent ulcer/stomal ulcer.
8-Gastrojejunocolic fistula.
9-Dumping syndrome (Postcibal syndrome).
10-Nutritional disturbances, diarrhoea.
11-Pulmonary tuberculosis.
12-Carcinoma in gastric remnant (after 10–15 years).
13-Gallstone formation.
14-Alkaline gastritis.
15-Afferent and efferent loop. syndrome.
16-Afferent loop obstruction-common.
17-Efferent loop obstruction.
#رمزي
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome: (ARM PIT).
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Hyperparathyroidism X-rays Findings:
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Osteomalacia X-ray:
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
X-ray: low sensitivity and specificity for osteomyelitis ;
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer:
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery