Types of follicular adenomas:
1-Colloid,commonest variant
2-Fetal
3-Embryonal
4-Hurthle cell
5-Hyalinising.
#Surgery
1-Colloid,commonest variant
2-Fetal
3-Embryonal
4-Hurthle cell
5-Hyalinising.
#Surgery
Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism.
#Surgery
#Surgery
Remember:
The longest nerve is the saphenous nerve, so can be used as graft, which is a branch of femoral nerve.
#Surgery
The longest nerve is the saphenous nerve, so can be used as graft, which is a branch of femoral nerve.
#Surgery
Remember:
The wall of NGT is entirely containing barium material, so it's opaque in X.ray.
However, there are some variants that only the end is containing barium.
#Surgery
The wall of NGT is entirely containing barium material, so it's opaque in X.ray.
However, there are some variants that only the end is containing barium.
#Surgery
Remember:
Mortaity effective drug treatment of heart failure :
-ACEI...45%
-BB...13%
-Mineralocorticoid antagonist
-Ivabradine.
-ARNI.
#Cardiology
Mortaity effective drug treatment of heart failure :
-ACEI...45%
-BB...13%
-Mineralocorticoid antagonist
-Ivabradine.
-ARNI.
#Cardiology
•Treatment of choice in fracture neck of femur in a 40-year-old male is Closed reduction and Internal fixation by cancellous screws.
Waddell’s triad:
-Femur fracture,
-Intra-abdominal or intrathoracic injury and
-Head injury.
-Preferred treatment in a geriatric patient that is >65 years is hemiarthroplasty. But Less than 65 is osteotomy.
#Surgery
Waddell’s triad:
-Femur fracture,
-Intra-abdominal or intrathoracic injury and
-Head injury.
-Preferred treatment in a geriatric patient that is >65 years is hemiarthroplasty. But Less than 65 is osteotomy.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
DEXA SCANS (Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry)
-Simultaneous measurement of the passage of Xrays through the body é 2 diff.energies.
-Low Radiation, accurate, Can be performed on hip, spine, whole body, or any where
• If T score is > -1 ....................................... reassure patient
• If Tscore between (-1)&(-2)................. request DEXA of
hip/spine
• If Tscore < -2 (more -ve) ....................... treat, If monitoring required, refer for DEXA.
#Surgery
-Simultaneous measurement of the passage of Xrays through the body é 2 diff.energies.
-Low Radiation, accurate, Can be performed on hip, spine, whole body, or any where
• If T score is > -1 ....................................... reassure patient
• If Tscore between (-1)&(-2)................. request DEXA of
hip/spine
• If Tscore < -2 (more -ve) ....................... treat, If monitoring required, refer for DEXA.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Brown tumor:
-The brown tumor is a bone lesion that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity, such as hyperparathyroidism.
-They are a form of osteitis fibrosa cystica.
-It is not a neoplasm, but rather simply a mass. It most commonly affects the maxilla and mandible, though any bone may be affected.
-Brown tumours are radiolucent on x-ray.
#Surgery
-The brown tumor is a bone lesion that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity, such as hyperparathyroidism.
-They are a form of osteitis fibrosa cystica.
-It is not a neoplasm, but rather simply a mass. It most commonly affects the maxilla and mandible, though any bone may be affected.
-Brown tumours are radiolucent on x-ray.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
-Characteristic brown coloration results from hemosiderin deposition into the osteolytic cysts.
-Hemosiderin deposition is not a distinctive feature of brown tumors; it may also be seen in giant cell tumors of the bone.
#Surgery
-Hemosiderin deposition is not a distinctive feature of brown tumors; it may also be seen in giant cell tumors of the bone.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Treatment of Hypospadius:
Staged Procedure
I. At the age of one and half years, surgical correction of the chordee is done.
II. At the age of 5–7 years, reconstruction of urethra is done using prepucial skin (ideal) or scrotal skin if the patient has been circumcised. Best is prepucial skin.
-Perineal urethrostomy is done for diversion.
-Perineal urethrostomy should be there until reconstruction of urethra takes up well (Denis-Browne procedure).
-MAGPI repair: Meatal advancement glandular repair—for glan-dular hypospadias.
#Surgery
Staged Procedure
I. At the age of one and half years, surgical correction of the chordee is done.
II. At the age of 5–7 years, reconstruction of urethra is done using prepucial skin (ideal) or scrotal skin if the patient has been circumcised. Best is prepucial skin.
-Perineal urethrostomy is done for diversion.
-Perineal urethrostomy should be there until reconstruction of urethra takes up well (Denis-Browne procedure).
-MAGPI repair: Meatal advancement glandular repair—for glan-dular hypospadias.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
Goiter is usually painless.
Pain is seen in cases of:
–Hemorrhage
–Malignancy infiltrating the nerves
–Thyroiditis
–Anaplastic carcinoma.
#Surgery
Pain is seen in cases of:
–Hemorrhage
–Malignancy infiltrating the nerves
–Thyroiditis
–Anaplastic carcinoma.
#Surgery
Seddon’s Classification - Types of nerve injury:
•Neurapraxia
Axons are intact. Spontaneous recovery is complete.
•Axonotmesis:
Axons divided.Connective tissue intact. Wallerian degeneration occurs. Axons then regenerate slowly.
•Neurotmesis :
Whole nerve severed. Recovery may occur if cut ends are apposed.
#Surgery
•Neurapraxia
Axons are intact. Spontaneous recovery is complete.
•Axonotmesis:
Axons divided.Connective tissue intact. Wallerian degeneration occurs. Axons then regenerate slowly.
•Neurotmesis :
Whole nerve severed. Recovery may occur if cut ends are apposed.
#Surgery