Nice summary for Management of urinary tract stones.
Conservative treatment:
-High fluid intake with or without diuretics.
-Analgesics.
-Antispasmodic agents.
-Urinary antiseptics, regular follow-up to monitor stone descent.
#Surgery
Conservative treatment:
-High fluid intake with or without diuretics.
-Analgesics.
-Antispasmodic agents.
-Urinary antiseptics, regular follow-up to monitor stone descent.
#Surgery
Remember:
Epigastric hernia is more common in men.
Para-umbilical hernia is more common in women.
#Surgery
Epigastric hernia is more common in men.
Para-umbilical hernia is more common in women.
#Surgery
Remember:
A laparoscope is an instrument used for visualizing and performing surgical procedures inside the abdomen.
-It consists of a long, thin tube with a light source and a camera at the end, which allows the surgeon to view the internal organs on a monitor.
There are several types of laparoscopes available:
1. Rigid laparoscope: This is the most common type of laparoscope, which uses a straight tube with a fixed angle lens. It provides high-quality images but requires multiple incisions for access.
2. Flexible laparoscope: This type of laparoscope utilizes a flexible tube that can be maneuvered to reach different angles and positions. It allows for easier access to difficult-to-reach areas and may require fewer incisions.
3. Miniature laparoscope: This laparoscope is smaller in size, typically used for diagnostic purposes or in specific procedures where a smaller incision is desired.
4. Robot-assisted laparoscope: This type of laparoscope is operated by a surgeon through robotic arms. It provides enhanced precision and dexterity during surgical procedures.
Each type of laparoscope has its own advantages and is selected based on the specific surgical needs and the surgeon's preference.
#Surgery
A laparoscope is an instrument used for visualizing and performing surgical procedures inside the abdomen.
-It consists of a long, thin tube with a light source and a camera at the end, which allows the surgeon to view the internal organs on a monitor.
There are several types of laparoscopes available:
1. Rigid laparoscope: This is the most common type of laparoscope, which uses a straight tube with a fixed angle lens. It provides high-quality images but requires multiple incisions for access.
2. Flexible laparoscope: This type of laparoscope utilizes a flexible tube that can be maneuvered to reach different angles and positions. It allows for easier access to difficult-to-reach areas and may require fewer incisions.
3. Miniature laparoscope: This laparoscope is smaller in size, typically used for diagnostic purposes or in specific procedures where a smaller incision is desired.
4. Robot-assisted laparoscope: This type of laparoscope is operated by a surgeon through robotic arms. It provides enhanced precision and dexterity during surgical procedures.
Each type of laparoscope has its own advantages and is selected based on the specific surgical needs and the surgeon's preference.
#Surgery
Laparoscopy and laparotomy:
-Laparotomy or open surgery is basically a surgical procedure which involves a large incision in the abdomen to facilitate a procedure.
-While laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which sometimes referred as keyhole surgery as it uses a small incision.
#Surgery
-Laparotomy or open surgery is basically a surgical procedure which involves a large incision in the abdomen to facilitate a procedure.
-While laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which sometimes referred as keyhole surgery as it uses a small incision.
#Surgery
Surface anatomy of GB : at junction between right linea semilunaris and right costal margin(tip of right 9th costal cartilage).
Linea semilunaris:
-It is the lateral border of rectus sheath extending from the pubic tubercle below to the tip ofthe 9th costal cartilage above.
#Surgery
-It is the lateral border of rectus sheath extending from the pubic tubercle below to the tip ofthe 9th costal cartilage above.
#Surgery
Linea alba:
- lt is a white line in the midline of the abdomen.
- Formed by decussation of thebaponeurosis of ext oblique,binternal oblique &transversus abdominis muscles.
- Extends from xiphoid process tobsymphysis pubis (it is not attached to pubic tubercle)
- lt is avascular.
- lt is broad in its supra-umbilical part.
(surgical importance: epigastric hernia).
#Surgery
- lt is a white line in the midline of the abdomen.
- Formed by decussation of thebaponeurosis of ext oblique,binternal oblique &transversus abdominis muscles.
- Extends from xiphoid process tobsymphysis pubis (it is not attached to pubic tubercle)
- lt is avascular.
- lt is broad in its supra-umbilical part.
(surgical importance: epigastric hernia).
#Surgery
Ducts of the Pancreas
Main pancreatic duct of Wirsung:
- lt traverses the whole length of the gland & ends by joining the CBD at the ampulla of Vater & discharges its contents through the major duodenal papilla.
-Accersory pancreatic duct of Santorini:
- Usually joins the main pancreatic duct, rarely it becomes the main duct & opens into the duodenum through the superior papilla.
#Surgery
Main pancreatic duct of Wirsung:
- lt traverses the whole length of the gland & ends by joining the CBD at the ampulla of Vater & discharges its contents through the major duodenal papilla.
-Accersory pancreatic duct of Santorini:
- Usually joins the main pancreatic duct, rarely it becomes the main duct & opens into the duodenum through the superior papilla.
#Surgery
Arcuate line:
-A crescentic line that is situated between upper 2/4 &lower 1/2 of posterior wall of rectus sheath.
#Surgery
-A crescentic line that is situated between upper 2/4 &lower 1/2 of posterior wall of rectus sheath.
#Surgery
Can Appendicitis Present with No Abdominal Pain?
-Yes. In some cases, a retrocecal appendicitis may not cause any abdominal pain. If the appendix is completely separated from the anterior abdominal peritoneum, then the patient will not develop any localizing symptoms.
#Surgery
-Yes. In some cases, a retrocecal appendicitis may not cause any abdominal pain. If the appendix is completely separated from the anterior abdominal peritoneum, then the patient will not develop any localizing symptoms.
#Surgery
The most common site of metastasis for colon cancer is the liver, whereas the most common site for rectal cancer is the lung.
#Surgery
#Surgery
Remember:
Intraoperatively, the large bowel can be identified by the taenia coli (longitudinal white line) and taenia epiploica (fat appendages). Taenia appears to splay out when the colon becomes the rectum. In contrast, the small bowel does not have these features and is much smoother than the large bowel.
#Surgery
Intraoperatively, the large bowel can be identified by the taenia coli (longitudinal white line) and taenia epiploica (fat appendages). Taenia appears to splay out when the colon becomes the rectum. In contrast, the small bowel does not have these features and is much smoother than the large bowel.
#Surgery
Types of follicular adenomas:
1-Colloid,commonest variant
2-Fetal
3-Embryonal
4-Hurthle cell
5-Hyalinising.
#Surgery
1-Colloid,commonest variant
2-Fetal
3-Embryonal
4-Hurthle cell
5-Hyalinising.
#Surgery
Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism.
#Surgery
#Surgery
Remember:
The longest nerve is the saphenous nerve, so can be used as graft, which is a branch of femoral nerve.
#Surgery
The longest nerve is the saphenous nerve, so can be used as graft, which is a branch of femoral nerve.
#Surgery
Remember:
The wall of NGT is entirely containing barium material, so it's opaque in X.ray.
However, there are some variants that only the end is containing barium.
#Surgery
The wall of NGT is entirely containing barium material, so it's opaque in X.ray.
However, there are some variants that only the end is containing barium.
#Surgery
Remember:
Mortaity effective drug treatment of heart failure :
-ACEI...45%
-BB...13%
-Mineralocorticoid antagonist
-Ivabradine.
-ARNI.
#Cardiology
Mortaity effective drug treatment of heart failure :
-ACEI...45%
-BB...13%
-Mineralocorticoid antagonist
-Ivabradine.
-ARNI.
#Cardiology
•Treatment of choice in fracture neck of femur in a 40-year-old male is Closed reduction and Internal fixation by cancellous screws.
Waddell’s triad:
-Femur fracture,
-Intra-abdominal or intrathoracic injury and
-Head injury.
-Preferred treatment in a geriatric patient that is >65 years is hemiarthroplasty. But Less than 65 is osteotomy.
#Surgery
Waddell’s triad:
-Femur fracture,
-Intra-abdominal or intrathoracic injury and
-Head injury.
-Preferred treatment in a geriatric patient that is >65 years is hemiarthroplasty. But Less than 65 is osteotomy.
#Surgery