-Double-contrast barium enema is a form of contrast radiography in which x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken using two forms of contrast to make the structures easier to see.
-Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an x-ray and helps show abnormalities.
-Air is also put into the rectum and colon to further enhance the x-ray.
-Double contrast barium meal is done by giving effervescent tablets along with barium.
#Surgery
-Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an x-ray and helps show abnormalities.
-Air is also put into the rectum and colon to further enhance the x-ray.
-Double contrast barium meal is done by giving effervescent tablets along with barium.
#Surgery
Quick Notes
-Double-contrast barium enema is a form of contrast radiography in which x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken using two forms of contrast to make the structures easier to see. -Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum…
An example of Double-contrast barium enema.
-In barium swallow a thick solution of barium sulphate is given to the patient for swallowing.
-This is mainly done for the study of esophagus and pharynx
-In barium meal a dilute solution of barium sulphate is used (about 500 ml is given orally).
-Barium meal examinations are used to study the lower esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
-Barium follow through examinations are used to study the small intestine.
#Surgery
-This is mainly done for the study of esophagus and pharynx
-In barium meal a dilute solution of barium sulphate is used (about 500 ml is given orally).
-Barium meal examinations are used to study the lower esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
-Barium follow through examinations are used to study the small intestine.
#Surgery
Why there is anorexia in patients with acute abdomen?
-The exact cause isn't known.
-May be due to pain and information.
-Release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. These mediators can affect the appetite-regulating centers in the brain, leading to a decreased desire to eat.
#Surgery
-The exact cause isn't known.
-May be due to pain and information.
-Release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. These mediators can affect the appetite-regulating centers in the brain, leading to a decreased desire to eat.
#Surgery
Why there is vomiting in patients with acute abdomen?
-It's a protective mechanism.
-It's due to reflex spasm of the pylorus.
#Surgery
-It's a protective mechanism.
-It's due to reflex spasm of the pylorus.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
🔻Radiation of pain:
-It is the extension of the pain to another site while the initial pain persists.
-Radiating pain is of same character of original site.
-For example, penetration of duodenal ulcer posteriorly causes pain both in epigastrium and back.
-Pain of pancreatitis radiates to back.
#Surgery
-It is the extension of the pain to another site while the initial pain persists.
-Radiating pain is of same character of original site.
-For example, penetration of duodenal ulcer posteriorly causes pain both in epigastrium and back.
-Pain of pancreatitis radiates to back.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
🔻Referred pain:
-It is pain that is felt at a distance from its source. It's not felt at the site of the disease.
-For example, inflammation of the diaphragm causes a pain experienced only at the tip of the shoulder.
-Hip joint pathology may cause referred pain in knee joint.
-Referred pain in the epigastrium from the heart; referred pain in the abdomen from pleura; referred pain over the testis from the ureter..etc
-Referred pain is caused by the inability of the central nervous system to distinguish between visceral and somatic sensory impulses.
#Surgery
-It is pain that is felt at a distance from its source. It's not felt at the site of the disease.
-For example, inflammation of the diaphragm causes a pain experienced only at the tip of the shoulder.
-Hip joint pathology may cause referred pain in knee joint.
-Referred pain in the epigastrium from the heart; referred pain in the abdomen from pleura; referred pain over the testis from the ureter..etc
-Referred pain is caused by the inability of the central nervous system to distinguish between visceral and somatic sensory impulses.
#Surgery
Forwarded from Quick Notes
🔻Shifting/migration of pain:
-Origin of pain is in one site; later pain shifts to another site and pain at original site disappears.
-Pain when begins in viscera, is felt at the same somatic segmental area in the body; but once parietal layer is involved by inflammation/ pathology pain is felt at the anatomical site.
-Common example is that of acute appendicitis.
#Surgery
-Origin of pain is in one site; later pain shifts to another site and pain at original site disappears.
-Pain when begins in viscera, is felt at the same somatic segmental area in the body; but once parietal layer is involved by inflammation/ pathology pain is felt at the anatomical site.
-Common example is that of acute appendicitis.
#Surgery
Quick Notes
Most Common Type of Stones. #Surgery
Most common GB stone in 3rd world is mixed.
-In general, the normal diameter of the common bile duct as determined by ultrasound is <6 mm, by ERCP <10 mm, and by intraoperative extraluminal measurements <12mm.
#Surgery
#Surgery
In Hydatid cyst:
Most common presenting symptoms: Abdominal pain, dyspepsia and vomiting.
MC sign: Hepatomegaly.
#Surgery
Most common presenting symptoms: Abdominal pain, dyspepsia and vomiting.
MC sign: Hepatomegaly.
#Surgery
Built of patient in a thyroid case:
•Thyrotoxicosis—thin and underweight
•Hypothyroidism—obese and overweight
•Carcinoma—anemia and cachexia
•Mask like facies—hypothyroidism.
#Surgery
•Thyrotoxicosis—thin and underweight
•Hypothyroidism—obese and overweight
•Carcinoma—anemia and cachexia
•Mask like facies—hypothyroidism.
#Surgery
HYDRONEPHROSIS (HN)
-It is an aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction to the outflow of urine.
▪️Causes:
Unilateral
🔻A.Extramural:
1. Aberrant renal vessels (vein or artery). It is common on left side.
2. Compression by growth (carcinoma cervix, carcinoma rectum).
3. Retroperitoneal fibrosis.
4. Retrocaval ureter.
🔻B. Intramural:
1. Congenital PUJ obstruction.
2. Ureterocele.
3. Neoplasm of ureter.
4. Narrow ureteric orifice.
5. Stricture ureter following removal of stone, pelvic surgeries or tuberculosis of ureter.
🔻C. Intraluminal:
1. Stone in the renal pelvis or ureter.
2. Sloughed papilla in papillary necrosis.
Bilateral
A. Congenital:
Congenital stricture of external urethral meatus, pin-hole meatus.Congenital posterior urethral valve.
B. Acquired:
BPH. Carcinoma prostate. Postoperative bladder neck scarring. Inflammatory/traumatic urethral stricture. Phimosis. Carcinoma cervix. Bladder carcinoma.
-Congenital PUJ is the most common cause of HN.
#Surgery
-It is an aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction to the outflow of urine.
▪️Causes:
Unilateral
🔻A.Extramural:
1. Aberrant renal vessels (vein or artery). It is common on left side.
2. Compression by growth (carcinoma cervix, carcinoma rectum).
3. Retroperitoneal fibrosis.
4. Retrocaval ureter.
🔻B. Intramural:
1. Congenital PUJ obstruction.
2. Ureterocele.
3. Neoplasm of ureter.
4. Narrow ureteric orifice.
5. Stricture ureter following removal of stone, pelvic surgeries or tuberculosis of ureter.
🔻C. Intraluminal:
1. Stone in the renal pelvis or ureter.
2. Sloughed papilla in papillary necrosis.
Bilateral
A. Congenital:
Congenital stricture of external urethral meatus, pin-hole meatus.Congenital posterior urethral valve.
B. Acquired:
BPH. Carcinoma prostate. Postoperative bladder neck scarring. Inflammatory/traumatic urethral stricture. Phimosis. Carcinoma cervix. Bladder carcinoma.
-Congenital PUJ is the most common cause of HN.
#Surgery
PYONEPHROSIS:
-It is collection of pus in pelvicalyceal system, which is converted into a multiloculated sac.
-Occurs due to:
a. Infection of pre-existing hydronephrosis.
b. Following acute pyelonephritis.
c. As a complication of renal calculus, either stone in the renal pelvis or staghorn calculus.
#Surgery
-It is collection of pus in pelvicalyceal system, which is converted into a multiloculated sac.
-Occurs due to:
a. Infection of pre-existing hydronephrosis.
b. Following acute pyelonephritis.
c. As a complication of renal calculus, either stone in the renal pelvis or staghorn calculus.
#Surgery