Quick Notes
Antihypertensives with co-morbidity. #Cardiology
HTN due to Pheochromocytoma:
-Labetalol.
-Labetalol.
Quick Notes
Antihypertensives with co-morbidity. #Cardiology
Asthma with HTN:
Consider CCB.
Consider CCB.
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome: (ARM PIT).
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
1- Amyloidosis, Acromegaly.
2- Rheumatoid arthritis and other wrist arthritis.
3- Myxedema (hypothyroidism), multiple myeloma.
4- Pregnancy.
5- Idiopathic ( most common ) .
6- Trauma ( fracture ) , DM .
#Surgery
Hyperparathyroidism X-rays Findings:
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
- Subperiosteal bone resorption
- Generalized decrease in bone density
- Brown tumors
- Chondrocalcinosis knee , wrist and shoulder.
#Surgery
Osteomalacia X-ray:
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
-LOOSERS ZONES: incomplete stress fracture on compression side of long bones.
- MILKMAN’’S FRACTURE (pseudofracture of the
proximal ulna)
- Codfish vertebrae due to pressure of discs.
-Trefoil pelvis, due to indentation of acetabulae stress fractures.
#Surgery
X-ray: low sensitivity and specificity for osteomyelitis ;
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Characteristic X-ray findings
-Acute osteomyelitis: typically no pathological findings
-Subacute/chronic osteomyelitis:
bone destruction,
sequestrum formation and
periosteal reactions.
MRI with and without IV gadolinium: most sensitive study.
Indications
Suspected acute osteomyelitis (evidence of inflammation can be seen ≤ 5 days after onset of infection)
Characteristic findings
Acute/subacute osteomyelitis: cortical destruction, bone marrow inflammation, soft-tissue involvement.
#Surgery
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer:
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
-Typically asymptomatic
-Patients may present with features of complicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including:
Urinary retention, Hematuria.
-Advanced prostate cancer can manifest with:
Constitutional symptoms
-Features of metastatic disease; examples include:
Bone pain (due to bone metastasis, especially in the lumbosacral spine)
Lymphedema (caused by obstructing metastases in the lymph nodes).
PR examination:
-May be normal; in early disease
-Features suggestive of prostate cancer include:
Localized indurated nodules on an otherwise smooth surface
Prostatomegaly, lobar asymmetry, obliteration of the sulcus
Hard nontender nodules.
Most prostate cancers are located in the peripheral zone (posterior lobe) of the prostate. In contrast,BPH occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
#Surgery
Remember:
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
-McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
-To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole of the foot with the other hand.
-The examiner then rotates the leg internally while extending the knee to 90 degrees of flexion. If a "thud" or "click" is felt along with pain, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus.
#Surgery
Osteomalacia:
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
-Occurs in adults and children
-Bone pain and tenderness
-Pathologic fractures
-Waddling gait and difficulty walking
-Myopathy
-Symptoms of hypocalcemia.
#Surgery
-Patellectomy (in cases of comminuted fracture) is removal of the entire patella, whereas a partial patellectomy is removal of only a portion of the patella, while any ligaments or tendons that had been connected to the removed portion are connected to the remaining portion.
#Surgery
#Surgery
•Complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm:
-Rupture, infection
-Thrombosis, embolism
-Distal ischaemia/gangrene
-Aortocaval fistula formation
-Aortoenteric fistula
-Erosion of vertebra
-Spinal cord ischaemia when thrombosis develops.
#Vascular
-Rupture, infection
-Thrombosis, embolism
-Distal ischaemia/gangrene
-Aortocaval fistula formation
-Aortoenteric fistula
-Erosion of vertebra
-Spinal cord ischaemia when thrombosis develops.
#Vascular
Indications for surgery in AAA:
-Asymptomatic aneurysm more than 5.5 cm.
-Growth rate more than 0.5 cm/year.
-Painful, tender aneurysm.
-Thrombosed aneurysm, aneurysm with distal emboli.
Indications for surgery in PAD:
-Claudication.
-Rest pain.
-Ischemic ulceration.
-Asymptomatic aneurysm more than 5.5 cm.
-Growth rate more than 0.5 cm/year.
-Painful, tender aneurysm.
-Thrombosed aneurysm, aneurysm with distal emboli.
Indications for surgery in PAD:
-Claudication.
-Rest pain.
-Ischemic ulceration.
Remember:
-Best diagnostic modality for parotid swelling: FNAC.
-Open incisional biopsy is contraindicated; due to tumor cell implantation and formation of parotid fistula.
-Best imaging investigation for salivary gland neoplasms: MRI.
#Salivary_glands
-Best diagnostic modality for parotid swelling: FNAC.
-Open incisional biopsy is contraindicated; due to tumor cell implantation and formation of parotid fistula.
-Best imaging investigation for salivary gland neoplasms: MRI.
#Salivary_glands
Remember:
-MC neoplasm of salivary gland: Pleomorphic adenoma.
-MC malignant tumor of salivary gland: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
-MC neoplasm of salivary gland in children: Hemangioma.
-MC malignant tumor of salivary gland in children: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
-MC malignant tumor of minor salivary glands: Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
#Surgery
#Salivary_glands
-MC neoplasm of salivary gland: Pleomorphic adenoma.
-MC malignant tumor of salivary gland: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
-MC neoplasm of salivary gland in children: Hemangioma.
-MC malignant tumor of salivary gland in children: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
-MC malignant tumor of minor salivary glands: Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
#Surgery
#Salivary_glands
Tumors of liver:
Benign:-
1-Haemangiomas-----cavernous, capillaris.
2-Hepatocelular adenoma.
3-Focal nodular hyperplasia
4- Infantile haemangioendothelioma.
Malignant:-
Primary
1-Hepatocellular carcinoma
2-Hepatoblastoma
3-Cholangiocarcinoma
4-Angiosarcoma or malignant haemangioendothelioma.
5-Sarcoma.
Secondary—from any localisation in the body \Metastasis.
Benign:-
1-Haemangiomas-----cavernous, capillaris.
2-Hepatocelular adenoma.
3-Focal nodular hyperplasia
4- Infantile haemangioendothelioma.
Malignant:-
Primary
1-Hepatocellular carcinoma
2-Hepatoblastoma
3-Cholangiocarcinoma
4-Angiosarcoma or malignant haemangioendothelioma.
5-Sarcoma.
Secondary—from any localisation in the body \Metastasis.
Radiological features of Rheumatoid Arthritis:
(LESS):
L: Loss of joint space
E: Erosions
S: Soft tissue swelling
S: Soft bones (osteopenia).
#Rheumatology
#Medicine
(LESS):
L: Loss of joint space
E: Erosions
S: Soft tissue swelling
S: Soft bones (osteopenia).
#Rheumatology
#Medicine
-Osteomalacia occurs because of inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix
-Osteoporosis, the bone is normally mineralised, but deficient in quality, quantity and structural integrity.
#Medicine
#Metabolic
-Osteoporosis, the bone is normally mineralised, but deficient in quality, quantity and structural integrity.
#Medicine
#Metabolic
•What's the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalasia ?
-In osteoporosis, bone mass decreases, but the ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is normal.
-In osteomalacia, the ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is low.
#Surgery
-In osteoporosis, bone mass decreases, but the ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is normal.
-In osteomalacia, the ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is low.
#Surgery
-Breast cancer is the Most common cancer in female .
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast