•What is post-tussive crepitation? What is its significance?
-Crepitation which appears after cough is called posttussive crepitation.
-It's usually at the apex, indicates TB.
#Respiratory
-Crepitation which appears after cough is called posttussive crepitation.
-It's usually at the apex, indicates TB.
#Respiratory
Remember:
•Causes of bilateral crepitation with clubbing:
-Bilateral bronchiectasis
-IPF (fibrosing alveolitis or ILD).
#Respiratory
•Causes of bilateral crepitation with clubbing:
-Bilateral bronchiectasis
-IPF (fibrosing alveolitis or ILD).
#Respiratory
•What is dry bronchiectasis (bronchiectasis sicca)?
-It is a type of bronchiectasis in which dry cough is associated with intermittent episodes of hemoptysis.
-It may be massive, even life-threatening as bleeding is from bronchial vessels with systemic pressure.
-Common in patient with granulomatous infection, especially TB and usually involves upper lobe.
#Respiratory
-It is a type of bronchiectasis in which dry cough is associated with intermittent episodes of hemoptysis.
-It may be massive, even life-threatening as bleeding is from bronchial vessels with systemic pressure.
-Common in patient with granulomatous infection, especially TB and usually involves upper lobe.
#Respiratory
Remember:
•Pleural fluid normally present: 5 to 15 mL.
•At least 500 mL of fluid is necessary to detect clinically.
•At least 300 mL of fluid is necessary to detect radiologically in PA view.
•At least 100 mL of fluid is necessary to detect radiologically in lateral decubitus position.
•Less than 100 mL or small amount of fluid is detected by ultrasonography (even 20 to 25 mL fluid can be detected).
#Respiratory
•Pleural fluid normally present: 5 to 15 mL.
•At least 500 mL of fluid is necessary to detect clinically.
•At least 300 mL of fluid is necessary to detect radiologically in PA view.
•At least 100 mL of fluid is necessary to detect radiologically in lateral decubitus position.
•Less than 100 mL or small amount of fluid is detected by ultrasonography (even 20 to 25 mL fluid can be detected).
#Respiratory
•How to confirm if there is small effusion?
-(if not detected by chest X-ray PA view.)
By doing:
1-X-ray in lateral decubitus position
2-Ultrasonogram (USG) of lower part of the chest
3-Occasionally, CT scan of chest may be needed.
#Respiratory
-(if not detected by chest X-ray PA view.)
By doing:
1-X-ray in lateral decubitus position
2-Ultrasonogram (USG) of lower part of the chest
3-Occasionally, CT scan of chest may be needed.
#Respiratory
•What are the definitive signs of pleural effusion?
-Stony dullness on percussion and reduced or absent breath sound (confirmed by aspiration).
#Respiratory
-Stony dullness on percussion and reduced or absent breath sound (confirmed by aspiration).
#Respiratory
•Causes of right-sided pleural effusion
1-Liver abscess
2-Meig’s syndrome
3-Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
#Respiratory
1-Liver abscess
2-Meig’s syndrome
3-Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
#Respiratory
•Causes of left-sided pleural effusion
1-Acute pancreatitis
2-Rheumatoid arthritis
3-Dressler’s syndrome
4-Esophageal rupture (Boerhaave’s syndrome)
5-Dissecting aneurysm.
#Respiratory
1-Acute pancreatitis
2-Rheumatoid arthritis
3-Dressler’s syndrome
4-Esophageal rupture (Boerhaave’s syndrome)
5-Dissecting aneurysm.
#Respiratory
•What is yellow nail syndrome?
-It is a congenital disorder characterized by:
•Nails—yellow, thick, onycholysis
•Lymphedema of legs
•Pleural effusion or bronchiectasis.
#Respiratory
-It is a congenital disorder characterized by:
•Nails—yellow, thick, onycholysis
•Lymphedema of legs
•Pleural effusion or bronchiectasis.
#Respiratory
Remember:
-Pleural fluid cholesterol level < 60 mg dl indicates transudate.
-In all malignant effusion, pleural fluid cholesterol > 60 mg/dL. So, this test is useful to separate these two types of effusion.
-High pleural fluid ADA indicates tubercular pleural effusion.
#Respiratory
-Pleural fluid cholesterol level < 60 mg dl indicates transudate.
-In all malignant effusion, pleural fluid cholesterol > 60 mg/dL. So, this test is useful to separate these two types of effusion.
-High pleural fluid ADA indicates tubercular pleural effusion.
#Respiratory
•Why lung abscess is more common on the right side?
-It's due to less obliquity of the right major bronchus.
#Respiratory
-It's due to less obliquity of the right major bronchus.
#Respiratory
•What are the pathological stages of Pneumonia?
1-Stage of congestion—persists for 1 to 2 days
2-Stage of red hepatization(red and solid like liver)—persists for 2 to 4 days
3-Stage of grey hepatization—persists for 4 to 8 days
4-Stage of resolution—8 to 9 days or more.
#Respiratory
1-Stage of congestion—persists for 1 to 2 days
2-Stage of red hepatization(red and solid like liver)—persists for 2 to 4 days
3-Stage of grey hepatization—persists for 4 to 8 days
4-Stage of resolution—8 to 9 days or more.
#Respiratory
•What is atypical pneumonia?
-When pneumonia is caused by mycoplasma, legionella, coxiella, chlamydia.
-In these cases, constitutional symptoms are more than respiratory symptoms.
-Features are:
Gradual onset
Dry cough
Low grade fever
Constitutional symptoms are more than respiratory symptoms (headache, myalgia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting)
Less physical finding in the chest.
#Respiratory
-When pneumonia is caused by mycoplasma, legionella, coxiella, chlamydia.
-In these cases, constitutional symptoms are more than respiratory symptoms.
-Features are:
Gradual onset
Dry cough
Low grade fever
Constitutional symptoms are more than respiratory symptoms (headache, myalgia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting)
Less physical finding in the chest.
#Respiratory
•What is typical pneumonia?
-Typical pneumonia is characterized by high temperature with cough, pleuritic chest pain, features of consolidation, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, etc.
-Respiratory symptoms are more with constitutional symptoms.
#Respiratory
-Typical pneumonia is characterized by high temperature with cough, pleuritic chest pain, features of consolidation, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, etc.
-Respiratory symptoms are more with constitutional symptoms.
#Respiratory
•What is the usual presentation of pneumothorax?
-The patient usually presents with sudden onset of unilateral pleuritic chest pain and breathlessness.
•What are the definitive signs of pneumothorax?
-Hyper-resonance on percussion and diminished or absent breath sound.
#Respiratory
-The patient usually presents with sudden onset of unilateral pleuritic chest pain and breathlessness.
•What are the definitive signs of pneumothorax?
-Hyper-resonance on percussion and diminished or absent breath sound.
#Respiratory
•What is Hamman-Rich syndrome?
-It is a type of acute form of IPF, occurs in a small proportion of cases.
#Respiratory
-It is a type of acute form of IPF, occurs in a small proportion of cases.
#Respiratory
-Cardinal features of tension pneumothorax are progressively increasing dyspnea and features of shock.
#Respiratory
#Respiratory
In esophageal Cancer:
-Adenocarcinoma: most common type of esophageal cancer in the US.
Mostly in lower third.
-Squamous cell carcinoma(SCC): most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide.
Mostly middle&upper third.
#Esophagus
-Adenocarcinoma: most common type of esophageal cancer in the US.
Mostly in lower third.
-Squamous cell carcinoma(SCC): most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide.
Mostly middle&upper third.
#Esophagus