-Sleep apneas can be central or obstructive.
-In CSA, neural drive to all respiratory muscles is transiently abolished.

-In OSA airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway.

#Respiratory

Remember:

-Pharmacologic agents that stimulate respiration are medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide.

#Respiratory

Causes of death in Kala-azar:

-If no treatment is given, patient may die within 1 to 2 year due to:
1- Secondary infection
2- Bleeding.

#Infections

In Kala-azar:

CBC—leukopenia, high lymphocyte and monocyte, neutropenia, absence of eosinophil, thrombocytopenia and high ESR. If CBC is repeated after some days, there is progressive leukopenia.

#Infections

What are the causes of death in CML?

Blastic crisis
Secondary infection
Myelofibrosis.

#Blood

-When pheochromocytomas are found in places other than the Adrenals they are called Paragangliomas .

#Medicine
#Endocrine

◼️ Remember that Hypercalcemia can lead to Acute pancreatitis , and acute pancreatitis itself causes Hypocalcemia .


◾️In this Case you may find the serum Calcium level Normal if Acute pancreatitis is caused by hypercalcemia .

#Surgery
#Pancreas

•Types of gastric ulcer (Daintree Johnson):

Type I 👉🏼 In the antrum, near the lesser curve,55٪.

Type II 👉🏼 Combined gastric ulcer (in the body) with duodenal ulcer, 25٪.

Type III👉🏼Prepyloric ulcer, 15٪.

Type IV👉🏼Gastric ulcer in the proximal stomach or cardia, 5٪.


#Stomach

-Carcinoma stomach is the commonest cause of Krukenberg’s tumour.


#Stomach

•ACUTE GASTRIC DILATATION

-It is an enormous acute dilatation of stomach with atonic gastric wall without peristalsis.
-Stomach distends enormously occupying most of the abdomen and pelvis causing sequestration of lots of fluid resulting in hypovolaemia.


#Stomach

•Causes of Acute Gastric dilatation:

1-After major surgery (abdomen,. neurosurgery).
2-Trauma, burns.
3-Retroperitoneal haematoma.
4-Electrolyte imbalance.
5-Other causes: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, polyphagia, drug abuse, diabetes, anaesthesia, debilitating diseases, spinal cord diseases, muscle dystrophy.


#Stomach

•HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

-There is increased risk of developing the condition if new- born gets erythromycin or azithromycin in first 14 days after birth.

#Medicine
#Pediatrics

•Precancerous lesions of Gastric Cancer:

1•H. pylori infection, chronic gastritis
2•Pernicious anaemia
3•Intestinal metaplasia
4•Adenomatous polyps more than 2 cm
5•Agammaglobulinaemia
6•Benign gastric ulcer
7•Previous gastric surgery
8•Stomach remnant (stump carcinoma)
9•Menetrier’s disease.
10•Benign gastric ulcer.

#Surgery
#Medicine

•What are the signs of active acromegaly?

-Signs of activity:
1-Progressive increase in the size of the body
2-Excessive sweating
3-Increasing visual field defect
4-Large skin tags (Molluscum fibrosum)
5-Presence of glycosuria (diabetes mellitus)
6-Hypertension
7-Progressive headache
8-Enlarging thyroid.

#MCQ
#Medicine
#Endocrine

In case of Cushing syndrome:

-CBC shows
1-High Neutrophils & RBC, but decrease all other cells (Lymphopenia, Esinopenia).

-Biochemistry shows:
1-Hyperglycemia
2-Hypernatremia.
3-Hypokalemia.
4-Metabolic alkalosis
5-Hypocalcemia.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

•In case of Primary Adrenal insufficiency"Addison's disease ":


-CBC: neutropenia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia.

-Decrease Aldosterone,
-Hyponatremia,
-Hyperkalemia,
-Metabolic acidosis.
-Hypercalcemia.
-Hypoglycemia.
Urea is increased in primary disease but decreased or Normal in secondary diseas.


#Medicine
#Endocrine

•Causes of anaemia in malaria infection:

1-Haemolysis of infected red cells
2-Haemolysis of non-infected red cells(black water fever) 3-Dyserythropoiesis
4-Splenomegaly and sequestration
5-Folate depletion.

#Medicine
#Infections

•What is AIDS?

-It is HIV infected individual with CD4 T cell count <200 cells/mm2 regardless of the presence of the symptoms.

or
-HIV infected individual with AIDS defining conditions (category C) regardless of CD4 count is labeled AIDS.

#Medicine
#Infection

•HIV disease:

-It is the spectrum of disorders ranging from primary infection, with or without the acute HIV syndrome, to the asymptomatic infected state to advanced disease.

#Medicine
#Infection

•What are the commonest causes of PUO?

-Tuberculosis, collagen disease (e.g. SLE), malignancy (e.g. lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma).

#Medicine
#Infection