Remember:
-CT-PA is regarded as the investigation diagnostic tool of choice for the detection of pulmonary embolisms (being the most readily available, sensitive and specific test).
It doesn't exclude PE!
#Respiratory
-CT-PA is regarded as the investigation diagnostic tool of choice for the detection of pulmonary embolisms (being the most readily available, sensitive and specific test).
It doesn't exclude PE!
#Respiratory
•In Pulmonary embolism:
-Although rare, the ‘S1Q3T3’ (deep S-wave in lead I, pathological Q-wave in lead III, and inverted T-waves in lead III) pattern may be seen in patients
with pulmonary embolism.
-More commonly, sinus tachycardia is usually observed.
-Right axis deviation
-RBBB
-Right ventricular strain patterns (inverted T-waves in V1–V4)
-Aatrial fibrillation (new onset) have also been seen in patients with pulmonary embolism.
#Respiratory
-Although rare, the ‘S1Q3T3’ (deep S-wave in lead I, pathological Q-wave in lead III, and inverted T-waves in lead III) pattern may be seen in patients
with pulmonary embolism.
-More commonly, sinus tachycardia is usually observed.
-Right axis deviation
-RBBB
-Right ventricular strain patterns (inverted T-waves in V1–V4)
-Aatrial fibrillation (new onset) have also been seen in patients with pulmonary embolism.
#Respiratory
In Pulmonary Embolism:
-Dyspnea is the most frequent symptom of PE
-Tachypnea is its most frequent sign.
-Dyspnea, syncope, hypotension or cyanosis indicates a massive PE.
-Pleuritic pain, cough or hemoptysis
suggests a small embolism located distally near the pleura.
#Respiratory
-Dyspnea is the most frequent symptom of PE
-Tachypnea is its most frequent sign.
-Dyspnea, syncope, hypotension or cyanosis indicates a massive PE.
-Pleuritic pain, cough or hemoptysis
suggests a small embolism located distally near the pleura.
#Respiratory
-Sleep apneas can be central or obstructive.
-In CSA, neural drive to all respiratory muscles is transiently abolished.
-In OSA airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway.
#Respiratory
-In CSA, neural drive to all respiratory muscles is transiently abolished.
-In OSA airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway.
#Respiratory
Remember:
-Pharmacologic agents that stimulate respiration are medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide.
#Respiratory
-Pharmacologic agents that stimulate respiration are medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide.
#Respiratory
•What are the immunizations that should be offered to every HIV infected patients?
-Hepatitis A and hepatitis B, if non-immune.
-Pneumovax (at initial diagnosis and then 3 to 5 yearly).
-Influenza(yearly).
-Tetanus booster (if injection drug-user).
#Infections
-Hepatitis A and hepatitis B, if non-immune.
-Pneumovax (at initial diagnosis and then 3 to 5 yearly).
-Influenza(yearly).
-Tetanus booster (if injection drug-user).
#Infections
Causes of death in Kala-azar:
-If no treatment is given, patient may die within 1 to 2 year due to:
1- Secondary infection
2- Bleeding.
#Infections
-If no treatment is given, patient may die within 1 to 2 year due to:
1- Secondary infection
2- Bleeding.
#Infections
In Kala-azar:
CBC—leukopenia, high lymphocyte and monocyte, neutropenia, absence of eosinophil, thrombocytopenia and high ESR. If CBC is repeated after some days, there is progressive leukopenia.
#Infections
CBC—leukopenia, high lymphocyte and monocyte, neutropenia, absence of eosinophil, thrombocytopenia and high ESR. If CBC is repeated after some days, there is progressive leukopenia.
#Infections
-When pheochromocytomas are found in places other than the Adrenals they are called Paragangliomas .
#Medicine
#Endocrine
#Medicine
#Endocrine
•Types of gastric ulcer (Daintree Johnson):
Type I 👉🏼 In the antrum, near the lesser curve,55٪.
Type II 👉🏼 Combined gastric ulcer (in the body) with duodenal ulcer, 25٪.
Type III👉🏼Prepyloric ulcer, 15٪.
Type IV👉🏼Gastric ulcer in the proximal stomach or cardia, 5٪.
#Stomach
Type I 👉🏼 In the antrum, near the lesser curve,55٪.
Type II 👉🏼 Combined gastric ulcer (in the body) with duodenal ulcer, 25٪.
Type III👉🏼Prepyloric ulcer, 15٪.
Type IV👉🏼Gastric ulcer in the proximal stomach or cardia, 5٪.
#Stomach
•ACUTE GASTRIC DILATATION
-It is an enormous acute dilatation of stomach with atonic gastric wall without peristalsis.
-Stomach distends enormously occupying most of the abdomen and pelvis causing sequestration of lots of fluid resulting in hypovolaemia.
#Stomach
-It is an enormous acute dilatation of stomach with atonic gastric wall without peristalsis.
-Stomach distends enormously occupying most of the abdomen and pelvis causing sequestration of lots of fluid resulting in hypovolaemia.
#Stomach
•Causes of Acute Gastric dilatation:
1-After major surgery (abdomen,. neurosurgery).
2-Trauma, burns.
3-Retroperitoneal haematoma.
4-Electrolyte imbalance.
5-Other causes: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, polyphagia, drug abuse, diabetes, anaesthesia, debilitating diseases, spinal cord diseases, muscle dystrophy.
#Stomach
1-After major surgery (abdomen,. neurosurgery).
2-Trauma, burns.
3-Retroperitoneal haematoma.
4-Electrolyte imbalance.
5-Other causes: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, polyphagia, drug abuse, diabetes, anaesthesia, debilitating diseases, spinal cord diseases, muscle dystrophy.
#Stomach
•HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
-There is increased risk of developing the condition if new- born gets erythromycin or azithromycin in first 14 days after birth.
#Medicine
#Pediatrics
-There is increased risk of developing the condition if new- born gets erythromycin or azithromycin in first 14 days after birth.
#Medicine
#Pediatrics
•Precancerous lesions of Gastric Cancer:
1•H. pylori infection, chronic gastritis
2•Pernicious anaemia
3•Intestinal metaplasia
4•Adenomatous polyps more than 2 cm
5•Agammaglobulinaemia
6•Benign gastric ulcer
7•Previous gastric surgery
8•Stomach remnant (stump carcinoma)
9•Menetrier’s disease.
10•Benign gastric ulcer.
#Surgery
#Medicine
1•H. pylori infection, chronic gastritis
2•Pernicious anaemia
3•Intestinal metaplasia
4•Adenomatous polyps more than 2 cm
5•Agammaglobulinaemia
6•Benign gastric ulcer
7•Previous gastric surgery
8•Stomach remnant (stump carcinoma)
9•Menetrier’s disease.
10•Benign gastric ulcer.
#Surgery
#Medicine
•What are the signs of active acromegaly?
-Signs of activity:
1-Progressive increase in the size of the body
2-Excessive sweating
3-Increasing visual field defect
4-Large skin tags (Molluscum fibrosum)
5-Presence of glycosuria (diabetes mellitus)
6-Hypertension
7-Progressive headache
8-Enlarging thyroid.
#MCQ
#Medicine
#Endocrine
-Signs of activity:
1-Progressive increase in the size of the body
2-Excessive sweating
3-Increasing visual field defect
4-Large skin tags (Molluscum fibrosum)
5-Presence of glycosuria (diabetes mellitus)
6-Hypertension
7-Progressive headache
8-Enlarging thyroid.
#MCQ
#Medicine
#Endocrine
In case of Cushing syndrome:
-CBC shows
1-High Neutrophils & RBC, but decrease all other cells (Lymphopenia, Esinopenia).
-Biochemistry shows:
1-Hyperglycemia
2-Hypernatremia.
3-Hypokalemia.
4-Metabolic alkalosis
5-Hypocalcemia.
#Medicine
#Endocrine
-CBC shows
1-High Neutrophils & RBC, but decrease all other cells (Lymphopenia, Esinopenia).
-Biochemistry shows:
1-Hyperglycemia
2-Hypernatremia.
3-Hypokalemia.
4-Metabolic alkalosis
5-Hypocalcemia.
#Medicine
#Endocrine
•In case of Primary Adrenal insufficiency"Addison's disease ":
-CBC: neutropenia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia.
-Decrease Aldosterone,
-Hyponatremia,
-Hyperkalemia,
-Metabolic acidosis.
-Hypercalcemia.
-Hypoglycemia.
Urea is increased in primary disease but decreased or Normal in secondary diseas.
#Medicine
#Endocrine
-CBC: neutropenia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia.
-Decrease Aldosterone,
-Hyponatremia,
-Hyperkalemia,
-Metabolic acidosis.
-Hypercalcemia.
-Hypoglycemia.
Urea is increased in primary disease but decreased or Normal in secondary diseas.
#Medicine
#Endocrine
•Causes of anaemia in malaria infection:
1-Haemolysis of infected red cells
2-Haemolysis of non-infected red cells(black water fever) 3-Dyserythropoiesis
4-Splenomegaly and sequestration
5-Folate depletion.
#Medicine
#Infections
1-Haemolysis of infected red cells
2-Haemolysis of non-infected red cells(black water fever) 3-Dyserythropoiesis
4-Splenomegaly and sequestration
5-Folate depletion.
#Medicine
#Infections