•D-dimer levels increase in:

1-Myocardial infarction
2-Pneumonia
3-Intestinal ischemia
4-Sepsis
5-Cancer
6-Postoperative state
7-Initial infusion of human or humanized antibodies (rituximab, gemtuzumab, trastuzumab)
8-Second or third trimester of pregnancy.

D-dimer elevation is not as predictive of DVT in cancer patients as it is in patients without cancer.

#Blood

-Normal level of D-Dimer in blood is < 500 ng/mL.

#Blood

Remember:

-Bleeding rarely occurs in isolated thrombocytopenia at counts < 50000 / µL.

#Blood

Remember:

-Asbestos exposure is considered to be a strong predisposing (occupational) factor to the development of malignant mesothelioma.

#Respiratory

Remember:

-CT-PA is regarded as the investigation diagnostic tool of choice for the detection of pulmonary embolisms (being the most readily available, sensitive and specific test).

It doesn't exclude PE!
#Respiratory

•In Pulmonary embolism:

-Although rare, the ‘S1Q3T3’ (deep S-wave in lead I, pathological Q-wave in lead III, and inverted T-waves in lead III) pattern may be seen in patients
with pulmonary embolism.
-More commonly, sinus tachycardia is usually observed.
-Right axis deviation
-RBBB
-Right ventricular strain patterns (inverted T-waves in V1–V4)
-Aatrial fibrillation (new onset) have also been seen in patients with pulmonary embolism.

#Respiratory

-Sleep apneas can be central or obstructive.
-In CSA, neural drive to all respiratory muscles is transiently abolished.

-In OSA airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway.

#Respiratory

Remember:

-Pharmacologic agents that stimulate respiration are medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide.

#Respiratory

Causes of death in Kala-azar:

-If no treatment is given, patient may die within 1 to 2 year due to:
1- Secondary infection
2- Bleeding.

#Infections

In Kala-azar:

CBC—leukopenia, high lymphocyte and monocyte, neutropenia, absence of eosinophil, thrombocytopenia and high ESR. If CBC is repeated after some days, there is progressive leukopenia.

#Infections

What are the causes of death in CML?

Blastic crisis
Secondary infection
Myelofibrosis.

#Blood

-When pheochromocytomas are found in places other than the Adrenals they are called Paragangliomas .

#Medicine
#Endocrine

◼️ Remember that Hypercalcemia can lead to Acute pancreatitis , and acute pancreatitis itself causes Hypocalcemia .


◾️In this Case you may find the serum Calcium level Normal if Acute pancreatitis is caused by hypercalcemia .

#Surgery
#Pancreas

•Types of gastric ulcer (Daintree Johnson):

Type I 👉🏼 In the antrum, near the lesser curve,55٪.

Type II 👉🏼 Combined gastric ulcer (in the body) with duodenal ulcer, 25٪.

Type III👉🏼Prepyloric ulcer, 15٪.

Type IV👉🏼Gastric ulcer in the proximal stomach or cardia, 5٪.


#Stomach

-Carcinoma stomach is the commonest cause of Krukenberg’s tumour.


#Stomach

•ACUTE GASTRIC DILATATION

-It is an enormous acute dilatation of stomach with atonic gastric wall without peristalsis.
-Stomach distends enormously occupying most of the abdomen and pelvis causing sequestration of lots of fluid resulting in hypovolaemia.


#Stomach

•Causes of Acute Gastric dilatation:

1-After major surgery (abdomen,. neurosurgery).
2-Trauma, burns.
3-Retroperitoneal haematoma.
4-Electrolyte imbalance.
5-Other causes: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, polyphagia, drug abuse, diabetes, anaesthesia, debilitating diseases, spinal cord diseases, muscle dystrophy.


#Stomach

•HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

-There is increased risk of developing the condition if new- born gets erythromycin or azithromycin in first 14 days after birth.

#Medicine
#Pediatrics

•Precancerous lesions of Gastric Cancer:

1•H. pylori infection, chronic gastritis
2•Pernicious anaemia
3•Intestinal metaplasia
4•Adenomatous polyps more than 2 cm
5•Agammaglobulinaemia
6•Benign gastric ulcer
7•Previous gastric surgery
8•Stomach remnant (stump carcinoma)
9•Menetrier’s disease.
10•Benign gastric ulcer.

#Surgery
#Medicine