•Drugs cause neutropenia due to decreased production include:

1-Alkylating agents (nitrogen mustard, busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide),
2-Antimetabolites (methotrexate 6-mercaptopurine, 5- flucytosine).
3-Antibiotics (chloramphenicol, penicillins, sulfonamides) 4-Phenothiazines, tranquilizers (meprobamate)
5-Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine), antipsychotics (clozapine).
6-Certain diuretics
7-Anti-inflammatory agents.
8-Antithyroid drugs.

#Blood

-Normally, neutrophils spend a short time in circulation (half-life, 6 - 7 hours).

#Blood

Remember:

-The only contraindication to splenectomy is the presence of marrow failure, in which the enlarged spleen is the only source of hematopoietic tissue.

#Blood

Remember:

-Massive splenomegaly refers to spleen that extends >8 cm below left costal margin and/or weighs (drained) more than 1000 grams.

#Blood

•D-dimer levels increase in:

1-Myocardial infarction
2-Pneumonia
3-Intestinal ischemia
4-Sepsis
5-Cancer
6-Postoperative state
7-Initial infusion of human or humanized antibodies (rituximab, gemtuzumab, trastuzumab)
8-Second or third trimester of pregnancy.

D-dimer elevation is not as predictive of DVT in cancer patients as it is in patients without cancer.

#Blood

-Normal level of D-Dimer in blood is < 500 ng/mL.

#Blood

Remember:

-Bleeding rarely occurs in isolated thrombocytopenia at counts < 50000 / µL.

#Blood

Remember:

-Asbestos exposure is considered to be a strong predisposing (occupational) factor to the development of malignant mesothelioma.

#Respiratory

Remember:

-CT-PA is regarded as the investigation diagnostic tool of choice for the detection of pulmonary embolisms (being the most readily available, sensitive and specific test).

It doesn't exclude PE!
#Respiratory

•In Pulmonary embolism:

-Although rare, the ‘S1Q3T3’ (deep S-wave in lead I, pathological Q-wave in lead III, and inverted T-waves in lead III) pattern may be seen in patients
with pulmonary embolism.
-More commonly, sinus tachycardia is usually observed.
-Right axis deviation
-RBBB
-Right ventricular strain patterns (inverted T-waves in V1–V4)
-Aatrial fibrillation (new onset) have also been seen in patients with pulmonary embolism.

#Respiratory

-Sleep apneas can be central or obstructive.
-In CSA, neural drive to all respiratory muscles is transiently abolished.

-In OSA airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway.

#Respiratory

Remember:

-Pharmacologic agents that stimulate respiration are medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide.

#Respiratory

Causes of death in Kala-azar:

-If no treatment is given, patient may die within 1 to 2 year due to:
1- Secondary infection
2- Bleeding.

#Infections

In Kala-azar:

CBC—leukopenia, high lymphocyte and monocyte, neutropenia, absence of eosinophil, thrombocytopenia and high ESR. If CBC is repeated after some days, there is progressive leukopenia.

#Infections

What are the causes of death in CML?

Blastic crisis
Secondary infection
Myelofibrosis.

#Blood

-When pheochromocytomas are found in places other than the Adrenals they are called Paragangliomas .

#Medicine
#Endocrine

◼️ Remember that Hypercalcemia can lead to Acute pancreatitis , and acute pancreatitis itself causes Hypocalcemia .


◾️In this Case you may find the serum Calcium level Normal if Acute pancreatitis is caused by hypercalcemia .

#Surgery
#Pancreas

•Types of gastric ulcer (Daintree Johnson):

Type I 👉🏼 In the antrum, near the lesser curve,55٪.

Type II 👉🏼 Combined gastric ulcer (in the body) with duodenal ulcer, 25٪.

Type III👉🏼Prepyloric ulcer, 15٪.

Type IV👉🏼Gastric ulcer in the proximal stomach or cardia, 5٪.


#Stomach

-Carcinoma stomach is the commonest cause of Krukenberg’s tumour.


#Stomach