What is Friedreich’s ataxia?
-It is the most common type of hereditary ataxia, inherited as autosomal recessive trait, and in some cases inherited as autosomal dominant.
#Neurology
-It is the most common type of hereditary ataxia, inherited as autosomal recessive trait, and in some cases inherited as autosomal dominant.
#Neurology
•What are the causes of autonomic neuropathy?
1-Diabetes mellitus (commonest cause)
2-Guillain-Barré syndrome
3-Amyloidosis
4-Toxin (vincristine)
5-Paraneoplastic syndrome
6-Porphyria
7-AIDS
7-Shy-Drager syndrome
8-Riley-Day syndrome (familial dysautonomia)
9-Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.
#Neurology
1-Diabetes mellitus (commonest cause)
2-Guillain-Barré syndrome
3-Amyloidosis
4-Toxin (vincristine)
5-Paraneoplastic syndrome
6-Porphyria
7-AIDS
7-Shy-Drager syndrome
8-Riley-Day syndrome (familial dysautonomia)
9-Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.
#Neurology
Remember:
-Triad of acute symmetrical ascending paralysis of limbs, areflexia and albumino: cytological dissociation in CSF is highly suggestive of GBS.
#Neurology
-Triad of acute symmetrical ascending paralysis of limbs, areflexia and albumino: cytological dissociation in CSF is highly suggestive of GBS.
#Neurology
Good prognostic factors in GBS:
-Symmetrical involvement
-Slowly progressive
-Facial nerve involvement
-Young age
-Preceding hostory of respiratory infection
-Demyelinating disease
-No respiratory involvement
-Ascending paralysis
-Early treatment
-Early recovery.
#Neurology
-Symmetrical involvement
-Slowly progressive
-Facial nerve involvement
-Young age
-Preceding hostory of respiratory infection
-Demyelinating disease
-No respiratory involvement
-Ascending paralysis
-Early treatment
-Early recovery.
#Neurology
Adverse prognostic factors in GBS:
1-Preceding GI infection
2-> 60 years of age
3-The most severe or rapidly evolving form of the disease (maximum disability within 7 days)
4-Descending paralysis
5-Bulbar weakness
6-Autonomic dysfunction
7-Asymmetrical weakness
8-Very high CSF protein
9-Evidence of widespread axonal damage
10-Those requiring early and prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance.
#Neurology
1-Preceding GI infection
2-> 60 years of age
3-The most severe or rapidly evolving form of the disease (maximum disability within 7 days)
4-Descending paralysis
5-Bulbar weakness
6-Autonomic dysfunction
7-Asymmetrical weakness
8-Very high CSF protein
9-Evidence of widespread axonal damage
10-Those requiring early and prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance.
#Neurology
A collection of infections from bad food for USMLE!
Raw milk = Brucellosis
Undercooked pork = Trichinellosis and Cysticercosis Left over rice = Bacillus cereus (toxin)
Crab/cray fish = Paragonimiasis
Raw meat = Clostridium perfringens
Oysters = Vibrio vulnificus.
#Infections
Raw milk = Brucellosis
Undercooked pork = Trichinellosis and Cysticercosis Left over rice = Bacillus cereus (toxin)
Crab/cray fish = Paragonimiasis
Raw meat = Clostridium perfringens
Oysters = Vibrio vulnificus.
#Infections
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a form of peritonitis usually seen in patients with ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis.
Management = iv Cefotaxime.
#Liver
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a form of peritonitis usually seen in patients with ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis.
Management = iv Cefotaxime.
#Liver
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Diagnosis
-Paracentesis: neutrophil count > 250 cells/ul
-The most common organism found on ascitic fluid culture is E. coli.
#Liver
Diagnosis
-Paracentesis: neutrophil count > 250 cells/ul
-The most common organism found on ascitic fluid culture is E. coli.
#Liver
Remember:
-Monospot test has a specificity of85% & a sensitivity of 100% for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
#Infections
-Monospot test has a specificity of85% & a sensitivity of 100% for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
#Infections
Endocrine Causes DM:
-Cushing syndrome
-Hyperthyroidism
-Acromegaly
-Pheochromocytoma
-Glucagonoma.
#Endocrine
-Cushing syndrome
-Hyperthyroidism
-Acromegaly
-Pheochromocytoma
-Glucagonoma.
#Endocrine
LATRAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME :
Cerebellar signs, contralateral sensory loss & ipsilateral Horner's
Lateral medullary syndrome, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, occurs following occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA.
-Cerebellar features:
ataxia
nystagmus
-Brainstem features:
ipsilateral: dysphagia, facial numbness, cranial nerve palsy e.g. Horner's
contralateral: limb sensory loss.
#Neurology
Cerebellar signs, contralateral sensory loss & ipsilateral Horner's
Lateral medullary syndrome, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, occurs following occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA.
-Cerebellar features:
ataxia
nystagmus
-Brainstem features:
ipsilateral: dysphagia, facial numbness, cranial nerve palsy e.g. Horner's
contralateral: limb sensory loss.
#Neurology
THE LEADING CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA IN HIV Patients IS Pneumocystis jeroviciie p.
But the most common is S.pneumoniae.
#Respiratory
But the most common is S.pneumoniae.
#Respiratory
CVS MORTALITY PREDICTORS IN MVP:
-Moderate to sever MR
-EF is less than50%
-Left aterial size greater than 40mm.
-Flial leaflets
-Aterial fibrillation
-Age older than 50 years.
#Cardiology
-Moderate to sever MR
-EF is less than50%
-Left aterial size greater than 40mm.
-Flial leaflets
-Aterial fibrillation
-Age older than 50 years.
#Cardiology
Quick Notes
Symptoms/signs of possible acute transfusion reaction: -Fever, chills, tachycardia, hyper- or hypotension, collapse, rigors, flushing, urticaria, bone, muscle, chest and/or abdominal pain, shortness of breath, nausea, generally feeling unwell, respiratory…
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR)
-It is anadverse reaction to blood transfusion that occurs within the first 24 hours after transfusion.
-It's intravascular hemolysis; type II hypersensitivity reaction.
-Rapid onset during transfusion (because of preformed antibodies) or up to 24 hours after thetransfusion
Symptoms include:
Fever "first" chills, nausea, flushing
Hypotension, tachycardia
Flank pain
Dyspnea, tachypnea
Hemoglobinuria (due to intravascular hemolysis)
Jaundice (due to intravascular hemolysis).
#Blood
-It is anadverse reaction to blood transfusion that occurs within the first 24 hours after transfusion.
-It's intravascular hemolysis; type II hypersensitivity reaction.
-Rapid onset during transfusion (because of preformed antibodies) or up to 24 hours after thetransfusion
Symptoms include:
Fever "first" chills, nausea, flushing
Hypotension, tachycardia
Flank pain
Dyspnea, tachypnea
Hemoglobinuria (due to intravascular hemolysis)
Jaundice (due to intravascular hemolysis).
#Blood
•What will you find in ECG in case of Meningitis?
-There may be sinus bradycardia "increase RR interval".
Due to cushing response in advanced case.
#Neurology
-There may be sinus bradycardia "increase RR interval".
Due to cushing response in advanced case.
#Neurology