Remember:
-Abnormality of reflex, muscle power and autonomic disturbance are absent in myasthenia gravis.
#Neurology
-Abnormality of reflex, muscle power and autonomic disturbance are absent in myasthenia gravis.
#Neurology
In LEMS:
-There is defect in acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction that is thought to be due to an auto-antibody against prejunctional voltage gated calcium channel on the motor nerve terminal.
-Small cell carcinoma of the lung may trigger the auto-antibody reaction.
#Neurology
-There is defect in acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction that is thought to be due to an auto-antibody against prejunctional voltage gated calcium channel on the motor nerve terminal.
-Small cell carcinoma of the lung may trigger the auto-antibody reaction.
#Neurology
Remember:
-Autoimmune diseases often improve during pregnancy but flare mmediately after delivery except SLE(prone to exacerbation in pregnancy).
#Rheumatology
-Autoimmune diseases often improve during pregnancy but flare mmediately after delivery except SLE(prone to exacerbation in pregnancy).
#Rheumatology
-Passive transfer of maternal antibodies can mediate autoimmune disease in the fetus and newborn, including SLE, Graves’disease and myasthenia gravis.
#Rheumatology
#Rheumatology
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy:
-Replacement of the myocardium of the right ventricle with fibrofatty tissue.
-Fibrofatty tissue predisposes to: -ventricular tachycardia
-right ventricular systolic dysfunction
- sudden death.
#Cardiology
-Replacement of the myocardium of the right ventricle with fibrofatty tissue.
-Fibrofatty tissue predisposes to: -ventricular tachycardia
-right ventricular systolic dysfunction
- sudden death.
#Cardiology
What is Miller-Fisher syndrome?
-It is a variant of GBS characterized by triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. It is a rare disease. Antibodies to ganglioside GQ1b may be found.
#Neurology
-It is a variant of GBS characterized by triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. It is a rare disease. Antibodies to ganglioside GQ1b may be found.
#Neurology
What are the dangerous complications of GBS (cause of death)?
-Respiratory muscle paralysis. The patient may develop respiratory failure within hours type 2.
-Bulbar palsy (dysphagia, nasal regurgitation)
-Cardiac conduction block
-Cardiac arrythmia.
#Neurology
-Respiratory muscle paralysis. The patient may develop respiratory failure within hours type 2.
-Bulbar palsy (dysphagia, nasal regurgitation)
-Cardiac conduction block
-Cardiac arrythmia.
#Neurology
What are the cardinal signs of spinal cord compression?
- UMN sign (spastic paraplegia) below the level of compression and LMN sign at the level of compression.
-Segmental sensory loss (sensory loss up to a particular segmental level).
#Neurology
- UMN sign (spastic paraplegia) below the level of compression and LMN sign at the level of compression.
-Segmental sensory loss (sensory loss up to a particular segmental level).
#Neurology
What are the most common causes of spastic paraplegia?
(7 T):
1-Trauma
2-Tuberculosis (Pott’s disease)
3-Tumor (meningioma, neurofibroma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, glioma)
4-Transverse myelitis
5-Tabes dorsalis
6-Twelve (B12 deficiency)
7-Thrombosis.
#Neurology
(7 T):
1-Trauma
2-Tuberculosis (Pott’s disease)
3-Tumor (meningioma, neurofibroma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, glioma)
4-Transverse myelitis
5-Tabes dorsalis
6-Twelve (B12 deficiency)
7-Thrombosis.
#Neurology
What is Friedreich’s ataxia?
-It is the most common type of hereditary ataxia, inherited as autosomal recessive trait, and in some cases inherited as autosomal dominant.
#Neurology
-It is the most common type of hereditary ataxia, inherited as autosomal recessive trait, and in some cases inherited as autosomal dominant.
#Neurology
•What are the causes of autonomic neuropathy?
1-Diabetes mellitus (commonest cause)
2-Guillain-Barré syndrome
3-Amyloidosis
4-Toxin (vincristine)
5-Paraneoplastic syndrome
6-Porphyria
7-AIDS
7-Shy-Drager syndrome
8-Riley-Day syndrome (familial dysautonomia)
9-Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.
#Neurology
1-Diabetes mellitus (commonest cause)
2-Guillain-Barré syndrome
3-Amyloidosis
4-Toxin (vincristine)
5-Paraneoplastic syndrome
6-Porphyria
7-AIDS
7-Shy-Drager syndrome
8-Riley-Day syndrome (familial dysautonomia)
9-Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.
#Neurology
Remember:
-Triad of acute symmetrical ascending paralysis of limbs, areflexia and albumino: cytological dissociation in CSF is highly suggestive of GBS.
#Neurology
-Triad of acute symmetrical ascending paralysis of limbs, areflexia and albumino: cytological dissociation in CSF is highly suggestive of GBS.
#Neurology
Good prognostic factors in GBS:
-Symmetrical involvement
-Slowly progressive
-Facial nerve involvement
-Young age
-Preceding hostory of respiratory infection
-Demyelinating disease
-No respiratory involvement
-Ascending paralysis
-Early treatment
-Early recovery.
#Neurology
-Symmetrical involvement
-Slowly progressive
-Facial nerve involvement
-Young age
-Preceding hostory of respiratory infection
-Demyelinating disease
-No respiratory involvement
-Ascending paralysis
-Early treatment
-Early recovery.
#Neurology
Adverse prognostic factors in GBS:
1-Preceding GI infection
2-> 60 years of age
3-The most severe or rapidly evolving form of the disease (maximum disability within 7 days)
4-Descending paralysis
5-Bulbar weakness
6-Autonomic dysfunction
7-Asymmetrical weakness
8-Very high CSF protein
9-Evidence of widespread axonal damage
10-Those requiring early and prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance.
#Neurology
1-Preceding GI infection
2-> 60 years of age
3-The most severe or rapidly evolving form of the disease (maximum disability within 7 days)
4-Descending paralysis
5-Bulbar weakness
6-Autonomic dysfunction
7-Asymmetrical weakness
8-Very high CSF protein
9-Evidence of widespread axonal damage
10-Those requiring early and prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance.
#Neurology
A collection of infections from bad food for USMLE!
Raw milk = Brucellosis
Undercooked pork = Trichinellosis and Cysticercosis Left over rice = Bacillus cereus (toxin)
Crab/cray fish = Paragonimiasis
Raw meat = Clostridium perfringens
Oysters = Vibrio vulnificus.
#Infections
Raw milk = Brucellosis
Undercooked pork = Trichinellosis and Cysticercosis Left over rice = Bacillus cereus (toxin)
Crab/cray fish = Paragonimiasis
Raw meat = Clostridium perfringens
Oysters = Vibrio vulnificus.
#Infections
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a form of peritonitis usually seen in patients with ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis.
Management = iv Cefotaxime.
#Liver
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a form of peritonitis usually seen in patients with ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis.
Management = iv Cefotaxime.
#Liver
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Diagnosis
-Paracentesis: neutrophil count > 250 cells/ul
-The most common organism found on ascitic fluid culture is E. coli.
#Liver
Diagnosis
-Paracentesis: neutrophil count > 250 cells/ul
-The most common organism found on ascitic fluid culture is E. coli.
#Liver
Remember:
-Monospot test has a specificity of85% & a sensitivity of 100% for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
#Infections
-Monospot test has a specificity of85% & a sensitivity of 100% for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
#Infections