A list is a versatile, ordered collection in Python that can store a sequence of items. Lists are mutable, meaning their contents can be changed after they are created.

my_list = [item1, item2, item3, ...]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

Indexing: Access individual elements in a list using their index (starting from 0).

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits[0])  # Output: apple

Slicing: Access a subset of elements using a range of indices.

print(fruits[0:2])  # Output: ['apple', 'banana']

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
numbers.append(2)
print(numbers)  # Output: [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]

numbers.sort()
print(numbers)  # Output: [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

numbers.pop()
print(numbers)  # Output: [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. It can be used to apply an expression to each item in an iterable.

new_list = [expression for item in iterable if condition]

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares)  # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

A nested list is a list that contains another list as its element.

matrix = [
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5, 6],
    [7, 8, 9]
]
print(matrix[1])      # Output: [4, 5, 6]
print(matrix[1][1])   # Output: 5

A tuple is similar to a list but is immutable, meaning it cannot be modified after creation. Tuples are used for fixed collections of items.

my_tuple = (item1, item2, item3, ...)

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print(colors)  # Output: ('red', 'green', 'blue')

Like lists, tuples can be indexed and sliced.

print(colors[0])    # Output: red
print(colors[0:2])  # Output: ('red', 'green')

t = (1, 2, 3, 1, 2)
print(t.count(1))  # Output: 2
print(t.index(3))  # Output: 2

You can convert a list to a tuple and vice versa using list() and tuple() functions.

# List to Tuple
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
tuple1 = tuple(list1)
print(tuple1)  # Output: (1, 2, 3)

# Tuple to List
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
list2 = list(tuple2)
print(list2)  # Output: [4, 5, 6]

You can "unpack" a list or tuple into individual variables.

point = (1, 2, 3)
x, y, z = point
print(x, y, z)  # Output: 1 2 3

Create a list of 5 numbers. Perform the following operations: append a new number, remove the second element, and sort the list.

Write a Python program that finds the largest number in a list without using built-in functions.

Write a Python program that packs four values into a tuple and then unpacks them into separate variables.

Write a Python program that creates a new list with the squares of numbers from 1 to 10 using list comprehensions.

Create a 3x3 matrix using nested lists. Write a Python program to print the matrix and its transpose.

Create a Python program that allows the user to add items to a shopping cart. Use a list to store the items, and provide options to add, remove, view, and clear the cart.

Write a program that displays a tuple-based menu to the user. The menu should contain options for various operations (e.g., add, delete, view items) and perform actions based on user input.

Write a Python program to flatten a nested list using list comprehensions.

Create a Python program that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list containing only the unique elements (removing duplicates).

Write a Python program to take a tuple of numbers and return a tuple containing only even numbers.

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data in a key-value pair format. Unlike lists and tuples, which are indexed by a range of numbers, dictionaries are indexed by keys, which can be of any immutable type (e.g., strings, numbers, tuples)

my_dict = {
    "key1": "value1",
    "key2": "value2",
    ...
}

student = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 21,
    "courses": ["Math", "Physics"]
}
print(student)  # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 21, 'courses': ['Math', 'Physics']}

You can access dictionary values by using their corresponding keys.

print(student["name"])  # Output: John
print(student["courses"])  # Output: ['Math', 'Physics']

To avoid KeyError when accessing keys that may not exist, you can use the get() method, which returns None or a default value if the key is not found.

print(student.get("age"))  # Output: 21
print(student.get("grade", "Not Found"))  # Output: Not Found