โ
Statistics & Probability Cheatsheet ๐๐ง
๐ Descriptive Statistics:
โฆ Mean = (ฮฃx) / n
โฆ Median = Middle value
โฆ Mode = Most frequent value
โฆ Variance (ฯยฒ) = ฮฃ(x - ฮผ)ยฒ / n
โฆ Std Dev (ฯ) = โVariance
โฆ Range = Max - Min
โฆ IQR = Q3 - Q1
๐ Probability Basics:
โฆ P(A) = Outcomes A / Total Outcomes
โฆ P(A โฉ B) = P(A) ร P(B) (if independent)
โฆ P(A โช B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A โฉ B)
โฆ Conditional: P(A|B) = P(A โฉ B) / P(B)
โฆ Bayesโ Theorem: P(A|B) = [P(B|A) ร P(A)] / P(B)
๐ Common Distributions:
โฆ Binomial (fixed trials)
โฆ Normal (bell curve)
โฆ Poisson (rare events over time)
โฆ Uniform (equal probability)
๐ Inferential Stats:
โฆ Z-score = (x - ฮผ) / ฯ
โฆ Central Limit Theorem: sampling dist โ Normal
โฆ Confidence Interval: CI = xโ ยฑ z*(ฯ/โn)
๐ Hypothesis Testing:
โฆ Hโ = No effect; Hโ = Effect present
โฆ p-value < ฮฑ โ Reject Hโ
โฆ Tests: t-test (small samples), z-test (known ฯ), chi-square (categorical data)
๐ Correlation:
โฆ Pearson: linear relation (โ1 to 1)
โฆ Spearman: rank-based correlation
๐งช Tools to Practice:
Python packages:
Visualization:
๐ก Quick tip: Use these formulas to crush interviews and build solid ML foundations!
๐ฌ Tap โค๏ธ for more
๐ Descriptive Statistics:
โฆ Mean = (ฮฃx) / n
โฆ Median = Middle value
โฆ Mode = Most frequent value
โฆ Variance (ฯยฒ) = ฮฃ(x - ฮผ)ยฒ / n
โฆ Std Dev (ฯ) = โVariance
โฆ Range = Max - Min
โฆ IQR = Q3 - Q1
๐ Probability Basics:
โฆ P(A) = Outcomes A / Total Outcomes
โฆ P(A โฉ B) = P(A) ร P(B) (if independent)
โฆ P(A โช B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A โฉ B)
โฆ Conditional: P(A|B) = P(A โฉ B) / P(B)
โฆ Bayesโ Theorem: P(A|B) = [P(B|A) ร P(A)] / P(B)
๐ Common Distributions:
โฆ Binomial (fixed trials)
โฆ Normal (bell curve)
โฆ Poisson (rare events over time)
โฆ Uniform (equal probability)
๐ Inferential Stats:
โฆ Z-score = (x - ฮผ) / ฯ
โฆ Central Limit Theorem: sampling dist โ Normal
โฆ Confidence Interval: CI = xโ ยฑ z*(ฯ/โn)
๐ Hypothesis Testing:
โฆ Hโ = No effect; Hโ = Effect present
โฆ p-value < ฮฑ โ Reject Hโ
โฆ Tests: t-test (small samples), z-test (known ฯ), chi-square (categorical data)
๐ Correlation:
โฆ Pearson: linear relation (โ1 to 1)
โฆ Spearman: rank-based correlation
๐งช Tools to Practice:
Python packages:
scipy.stats, statsmodels, pandas Visualization:
seaborn, matplotlib๐ก Quick tip: Use these formulas to crush interviews and build solid ML foundations!
๐ฌ Tap โค๏ธ for more
โค14
SQL interview questions with answers ๐๐
1. Question: What is SQL?
Answer: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It is used to query, insert, update, and delete data in databases.
2. Question: Differentiate between SQL and MySQL.
Answer: SQL is a language for managing relational databases, while MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses SQL as its language.
3. Question: Explain the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN.
Answer: INNER JOIN returns rows when there is a match in both tables, while LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table, filling in with NULLs for non-matching rows.
4. Question: How do you remove duplicate records from a table?
Answer: Use the
5. Question: What is a subquery in SQL?
Answer: A subquery is a query nested inside another query. It can be used to retrieve data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
6. Question: Explain the purpose of the GROUP BY clause.
Answer: The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified columns into summary rows, like when using aggregate functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc.
7. Question: How can you add a new record to a table?
Answer: Use the
8. Question: What is the purpose of the HAVING clause?
Answer: The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause to filter the results of aggregate functions based on a specified condition.
9. Question: Explain the concept of normalization in databases.
Answer: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down tables into smaller, related tables.
10. Question: How do you update data in a table in SQL?
Answer: Use the
Here is an amazing resources to learn & practice SQL: https://bit.ly/3FxxKPz
Share with credits: https://t.me/sqlspecialist
Hope it helps :)
1. Question: What is SQL?
Answer: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It is used to query, insert, update, and delete data in databases.
2. Question: Differentiate between SQL and MySQL.
Answer: SQL is a language for managing relational databases, while MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses SQL as its language.
3. Question: Explain the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN.
Answer: INNER JOIN returns rows when there is a match in both tables, while LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table, filling in with NULLs for non-matching rows.
4. Question: How do you remove duplicate records from a table?
Answer: Use the
DISTINCT keyword in a SELECT statement to retrieve unique records. For example: SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 FROM table;5. Question: What is a subquery in SQL?
Answer: A subquery is a query nested inside another query. It can be used to retrieve data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
6. Question: Explain the purpose of the GROUP BY clause.
Answer: The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified columns into summary rows, like when using aggregate functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc.
7. Question: How can you add a new record to a table?
Answer: Use the
INSERT INTO statement. For example: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);8. Question: What is the purpose of the HAVING clause?
Answer: The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause to filter the results of aggregate functions based on a specified condition.
9. Question: Explain the concept of normalization in databases.
Answer: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down tables into smaller, related tables.
10. Question: How do you update data in a table in SQL?
Answer: Use the
UPDATE statement to modify existing records in a table. For example: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;Here is an amazing resources to learn & practice SQL: https://bit.ly/3FxxKPz
Share with credits: https://t.me/sqlspecialist
Hope it helps :)
โค8
โ
Complete Roadmap to Crack Coding Interviews
๐ 1. Master Programming Fundamentals
โ Understand syntax and basic concepts in your chosen language.
๐ 2. Learn Data Structures
โ Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Graphs, Hash Tables.
๐ 3. Understand Algorithms
โ Sorting, Searching, Recursion, Dynamic Programming, Greedy, Backtracking.
๐ 4. Practice Problem Solving
โ Use platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, Codeforces to solve diverse problems.
๐ 5. Learn System Design Basics
โ Understand scalability, databases, caching, load balancing for senior roles.
๐ 6. Mock Interviews & Communication
โ Practice explaining your approach clearly; simulate real interview scenarios.
๐ 7. Review Previous Interview Questions
โ Study questions asked by top companies to get familiar with patterns.
๐ 8. Optimize Code & Understand Complexity
โ Focus on time & space complexity, write clean, efficient code.
๐ 9. Behavioral Preparation
โ Prepare STAR stories for common HR questions about teamwork, challenges, leadership.
๐ Tap โค๏ธ for more!
๐ 1. Master Programming Fundamentals
โ Understand syntax and basic concepts in your chosen language.
๐ 2. Learn Data Structures
โ Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Graphs, Hash Tables.
๐ 3. Understand Algorithms
โ Sorting, Searching, Recursion, Dynamic Programming, Greedy, Backtracking.
๐ 4. Practice Problem Solving
โ Use platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, Codeforces to solve diverse problems.
๐ 5. Learn System Design Basics
โ Understand scalability, databases, caching, load balancing for senior roles.
๐ 6. Mock Interviews & Communication
โ Practice explaining your approach clearly; simulate real interview scenarios.
๐ 7. Review Previous Interview Questions
โ Study questions asked by top companies to get familiar with patterns.
๐ 8. Optimize Code & Understand Complexity
โ Focus on time & space complexity, write clean, efficient code.
๐ 9. Behavioral Preparation
โ Prepare STAR stories for common HR questions about teamwork, challenges, leadership.
๐ Tap โค๏ธ for more!
โค12
System Design Interview Tips
Share this post with your friends!
1. Implement WebRTC to facilitate direct video calls.
2. Use database indexing to make database queries faster.
3. Apply consistent hashing to manage server loads efficiently.
4. Implement read-through caching to optimize read operations.
5. Implement rate limiters to control traffic flow and manage load.
6. Use inverted indexes for efficient text searches in large databases.
7. Choose NoSQL databases for managing unstructured data effectively.
8. Utilize WebSockets to enable real-time peer-to-peer communication.
9. Use checksum algorithms to ensure data integrity across different systems.
10. Deploy Content Delivery Networks (CDN) to speed up global content delivery.
11. Implement RDBMS to ensure transaction integrity and support ACID properties.
12. Set up disaster recovery data centers to mitigate risks of single points of failure.
13. Prefer horizontal scaling for NoSQL and use sharding for RDBMS to scale databases.
14. Incorporate load balancers to enhance system availability and manage performance.
15. Adopt eventual consistency to balance availability with consistency where necessary.
16. Use CDNs, load balancers, and caching to reduce response times and achieve low latency.
17. Add write-through caching with a master-slave architecture to build fault-tolerant systems.
18. Use asynchronous processing and message queues like Kafka for handling heavy write loads.
19. Use Least Recently Used (LRU) caching or explore other suitable cache eviction policies based on specific needs.
Share this post with your friends!
1. Implement WebRTC to facilitate direct video calls.
2. Use database indexing to make database queries faster.
3. Apply consistent hashing to manage server loads efficiently.
4. Implement read-through caching to optimize read operations.
5. Implement rate limiters to control traffic flow and manage load.
6. Use inverted indexes for efficient text searches in large databases.
7. Choose NoSQL databases for managing unstructured data effectively.
8. Utilize WebSockets to enable real-time peer-to-peer communication.
9. Use checksum algorithms to ensure data integrity across different systems.
10. Deploy Content Delivery Networks (CDN) to speed up global content delivery.
11. Implement RDBMS to ensure transaction integrity and support ACID properties.
12. Set up disaster recovery data centers to mitigate risks of single points of failure.
13. Prefer horizontal scaling for NoSQL and use sharding for RDBMS to scale databases.
14. Incorporate load balancers to enhance system availability and manage performance.
15. Adopt eventual consistency to balance availability with consistency where necessary.
16. Use CDNs, load balancers, and caching to reduce response times and achieve low latency.
17. Add write-through caching with a master-slave architecture to build fault-tolerant systems.
18. Use asynchronous processing and message queues like Kafka for handling heavy write loads.
19. Use Least Recently Used (LRU) caching or explore other suitable cache eviction policies based on specific needs.
โค11๐ก1
Here's a 30-day roadmap to learn C++ up to an intermediate level, along with project ideas:
Week 1: C++ Basics
*Day 1-2:*
- Day 1: Install a C++ compiler (e.g., Visual Studio, Code::Blocks, or g++) and write your first "Hello, World!" program.
- Day 2: Understand C++ syntax, data types, and variables.
*Day 3-4:*
- Day 3: Learn about basic input and output operations in C++ using
- Day 4: Study operators and perform arithmetic and logical operations.
*Day 5-7:*
- Day 5: Explore control flow with if-else statements and loops (for, while, do-while).
- Day 6: Understand switch statements and how to use them for menu-driven programs.
- Day 7: Practice writing small programs involving conditions and loops.
Week 2: Functions and Object-Oriented Programming
*Day 8-9:*
- Day 8: Learn about functions (methods) in C++ and how to define your own functions.
- Day 9: Study function parameters, return types, and function overloading.
*Day 10-12:*
- Day 10: Understand the basics of object-oriented programming (OOP) in C++, including classes and objects.
- Day 11: Dive into constructors, destructors, and operator overloading.
- Day 12: Explore encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
*Day 13-14:*
- Day 13: Study C++ namespaces and access specifiers (public, private, protected).
- Day 14: Practice creating classes and objects for real-world applications.
Week 3: Data Structures and Standard Template Library (STL)
*Day 15-17:*
- Day 15: Dive into C++ arrays and understand their usage.
- Day 16: Explore the Standard Template Library (STL) and containers like vectors and lists.
- Day 17: Learn about iterating through containers using iterators.
*Day 18-19:*
- Day 18: Study other STL components like maps, sets, and queues.
- Day 19: Understand when and how to use different STL containers in C++.
*Day 20-21:*
- Day 20: Explore exception handling in C++ and how to handle runtime errors.
- Day 21: Practice working with try-catch blocks and handling exceptions effectively.
Week 4: Intermediate Topics and Projects
*Day 22-23:*
- Day 22: Learn about file handling in C++, including reading and writing files.
- Day 23: Create a small project that involves file operations, like a text-based note-taking application.
*Day 24-26:*
- Day 24: Study C++ pointers, references, and dynamic memory allocation.
- Day 25: Explore more advanced C++ topics like multithreading or creating a simple game using libraries like SDL or SFML.
- Day 26: Work on a project that involves pointers, references, or multithreading.
*Day 27-28:*
- Day 27: Explore more advanced C++ libraries and frameworks that interest you (e.g., Boost or Qt).
- Day 28: Work on a more complex project that combines your knowledge from the past weeks. For example, create a small database application using SQLite and C++.
*Day 29-30:*
- Day 29: Review and revisit any topics you found challenging.
- Day 30: Continue building projects and exploring areas of C++ that interest you.
Remember to practice coding daily, and don't hesitate to explore additional resources, online tutorials, and forums to enhance your C++ skills. Good luck with your C++ learning journey!
ENJOY LEARNING ๐๐
Week 1: C++ Basics
*Day 1-2:*
- Day 1: Install a C++ compiler (e.g., Visual Studio, Code::Blocks, or g++) and write your first "Hello, World!" program.
- Day 2: Understand C++ syntax, data types, and variables.
*Day 3-4:*
- Day 3: Learn about basic input and output operations in C++ using
cin and cout.- Day 4: Study operators and perform arithmetic and logical operations.
*Day 5-7:*
- Day 5: Explore control flow with if-else statements and loops (for, while, do-while).
- Day 6: Understand switch statements and how to use them for menu-driven programs.
- Day 7: Practice writing small programs involving conditions and loops.
Week 2: Functions and Object-Oriented Programming
*Day 8-9:*
- Day 8: Learn about functions (methods) in C++ and how to define your own functions.
- Day 9: Study function parameters, return types, and function overloading.
*Day 10-12:*
- Day 10: Understand the basics of object-oriented programming (OOP) in C++, including classes and objects.
- Day 11: Dive into constructors, destructors, and operator overloading.
- Day 12: Explore encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
*Day 13-14:*
- Day 13: Study C++ namespaces and access specifiers (public, private, protected).
- Day 14: Practice creating classes and objects for real-world applications.
Week 3: Data Structures and Standard Template Library (STL)
*Day 15-17:*
- Day 15: Dive into C++ arrays and understand their usage.
- Day 16: Explore the Standard Template Library (STL) and containers like vectors and lists.
- Day 17: Learn about iterating through containers using iterators.
*Day 18-19:*
- Day 18: Study other STL components like maps, sets, and queues.
- Day 19: Understand when and how to use different STL containers in C++.
*Day 20-21:*
- Day 20: Explore exception handling in C++ and how to handle runtime errors.
- Day 21: Practice working with try-catch blocks and handling exceptions effectively.
Week 4: Intermediate Topics and Projects
*Day 22-23:*
- Day 22: Learn about file handling in C++, including reading and writing files.
- Day 23: Create a small project that involves file operations, like a text-based note-taking application.
*Day 24-26:*
- Day 24: Study C++ pointers, references, and dynamic memory allocation.
- Day 25: Explore more advanced C++ topics like multithreading or creating a simple game using libraries like SDL or SFML.
- Day 26: Work on a project that involves pointers, references, or multithreading.
*Day 27-28:*
- Day 27: Explore more advanced C++ libraries and frameworks that interest you (e.g., Boost or Qt).
- Day 28: Work on a more complex project that combines your knowledge from the past weeks. For example, create a small database application using SQLite and C++.
*Day 29-30:*
- Day 29: Review and revisit any topics you found challenging.
- Day 30: Continue building projects and exploring areas of C++ that interest you.
Remember to practice coding daily, and don't hesitate to explore additional resources, online tutorials, and forums to enhance your C++ skills. Good luck with your C++ learning journey!
ENJOY LEARNING ๐๐
โค12
The brain is not wired to multitask.
Quit trying to win a prize for being busy and doing 2 or 3 things at once.
Dedicate yourself to each project properly, complete it, and then move on to the next
Put "โค๏ธ" if you found this post useful!
Quit trying to win a prize for being busy and doing 2 or 3 things at once.
Dedicate yourself to each project properly, complete it, and then move on to the next
Put "โค๏ธ" if you found this post useful!
โค47
Web Development Project Ideas
Beginner-Level Projects
(Focus: HTML, CSS, basic JavaScript)
1. Calculator
2. Quiz App
3. Rock Paper Scissors
4. Note App
5. Stopwatch App
6. QR Code Reader
7. Weather App
8. Landing Page
9. Password Generator
10. Tic Tac Toe Game
11. Drawing App
12. Meme Generator
13. To-Do List App
14. Typing Speed Test
15. Random User API
Intermediate-Level Projects
(Focus: JavaScript, basic backend, APIs, local storage, UI/UX)
1. Link Shortener Website
2. Portfolio Website
3. Food Order Website
4. Movie App
5. Chat App
6. Twitter Clone
7. Survey App
8. E-Book Site
9. File Sharing App
10. Parallax Website
11. Tracker App
12. Memory App
13. Giphy Clone
14. Chess Game
15. Music Player
Advanced-Level Projects
(Focus: Full Stack, authentication, real-time, complex logic, deployment)
1. Ecommerce Website
2. Instagram Clone
3. Whatsapp Clone
4. Netflix Clone
5. Job Search App
6. Pinterest Clone
7. Dating App
8. Social Media Dashboard
9. User Activity Tracker
10. Stock-Trading App
React โค๏ธ for more
Join our WhatsApp channel for more: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaiSdWu4NVis9yNEE72z
Beginner-Level Projects
(Focus: HTML, CSS, basic JavaScript)
1. Calculator
2. Quiz App
3. Rock Paper Scissors
4. Note App
5. Stopwatch App
6. QR Code Reader
7. Weather App
8. Landing Page
9. Password Generator
10. Tic Tac Toe Game
11. Drawing App
12. Meme Generator
13. To-Do List App
14. Typing Speed Test
15. Random User API
Intermediate-Level Projects
(Focus: JavaScript, basic backend, APIs, local storage, UI/UX)
1. Link Shortener Website
2. Portfolio Website
3. Food Order Website
4. Movie App
5. Chat App
6. Twitter Clone
7. Survey App
8. E-Book Site
9. File Sharing App
10. Parallax Website
11. Tracker App
12. Memory App
13. Giphy Clone
14. Chess Game
15. Music Player
Advanced-Level Projects
(Focus: Full Stack, authentication, real-time, complex logic, deployment)
1. Ecommerce Website
2. Instagram Clone
3. Whatsapp Clone
4. Netflix Clone
5. Job Search App
6. Pinterest Clone
7. Dating App
8. Social Media Dashboard
9. User Activity Tracker
10. Stock-Trading App
React โค๏ธ for more
Join our WhatsApp channel for more: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaiSdWu4NVis9yNEE72z
โค17๐2๐1
Are you a part of our exclusive Whatsapp channel for Job Opportunities?
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaI5CV93AzNUiZ5Tt226
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaI5CV93AzNUiZ5Tt226
โค7
๐ Top 5 Programming Languages (2025) ๐
1๏ธโฃ Python ๐ โ Versatile, great for data science, automation & web development.
2๏ธโฃ JavaScript โก โ Essential for web development, used in frontend & backend.
3๏ธโฃ Java โ โ Popular for enterprise applications & large-scale systems.
4๏ธโฃ C++ ๐ฎ โ High-performance, used in game development & system programming.
5๏ธโฃ C# ๐ฏ โ Strong in game dev (Unity) & enterprise software.
Coding Projects: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VazkxJ62UPB7OQhBE502
๐ก Stay updated & keep coding! ๐จโ๐ป
1๏ธโฃ Python ๐ โ Versatile, great for data science, automation & web development.
2๏ธโฃ JavaScript โก โ Essential for web development, used in frontend & backend.
3๏ธโฃ Java โ โ Popular for enterprise applications & large-scale systems.
4๏ธโฃ C++ ๐ฎ โ High-performance, used in game development & system programming.
5๏ธโฃ C# ๐ฏ โ Strong in game dev (Unity) & enterprise software.
Coding Projects: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VazkxJ62UPB7OQhBE502
๐ก Stay updated & keep coding! ๐จโ๐ป
โค5๐ฅ1