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​​🔰 Useful and Motivational Reading time 👌

✳️ Today's reading passage is about Michael Jordan (born February 17, 1963), who is an American former professional basketball player and the principal owner of the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association.

Although he was already an outstanding athlete, in Grade 10 Michael Jordan was told he wouldn’t be picked for the varsity basketball team - and would never make it as a college or professional player - because he was too short.
It now seems incredible that anyone ever told the boy who would become the greatest basketball player in history that he was never going to make it as a professional, but that is exactly what happened to the legendary Michael Jordan.
Today, Jordan is described by most experts as the best player to ever pick up a basketball. His list of awards, records, scoring titles, most-valuable-player trophies, Olympic gold medals, NBA championships, and other honors goes on for several pages. When the TV sports channel ESPN conducted a poll of sports journalists, they voted Michael Jordan the number one athlete in any sport of the past one hundred years!
Yet in high school, Jordan couldn’t even make the varsity basketball team. He was already an outstanding athlete in basketball, football, and baseball, but when he tried out for the senior basketball team in Grade 10, the coaches told him he was simply too short. He was told that, at 5’ 11” (183 cm), he was never going to make it as a college or professional player.
Some people might have taken that judgment to heart and lost their self-confidence, but Michael Jordan took it as a challenge, and decided he would prove the coaches wrong. He took his dedication to the sport to the next level, practicing and working out in every spare moment. In Grade 11, Michael was on the basketball team. In Grade 12, he was named one of the best high school basketball players in the United States.
As a star player in university, Michael Jordan had another turning point in his life when he scored the winning basket at the last second in a U.S. college championship game. That boost to his self-esteem never faded, and Jordan says he has never doubted himself since then.
Going on to win more championships at the college and professional levels, and setting records that may never be broken, Michael Jordan traces much of his success back to the lesson he learned in high school - when someone tells you that you can’t accomplish something, it simply means that you have to try harder.

✳️ 10 Words to learn:
outstanding – ko’zga ko’ringan
varsity team – universitet jamoasi
judgment – fikr, mulohaza, hukm
self-confidence – o’ziga ishonch
a spare moment – bo’sh vaqt
a turning point – burilish nuqtasi
self-esteem – o’ziga bo’lgan hurmat
to fade – so’nmoq, o’chmoq
a professional level – professional darajada
to trace back – bog’lamoq
📖Dars Artikl qo'llashning aralash holatlari (III qism)

✳️ Ingliz tilida artikl ishlatishining aralash holatlarini o'rganishda davom etamiz.

1️⃣ Shaxs nomlari oldidan artikl qoʻllanilmasligini avvalgi darslardan bilamiz:
🔸 I'm ✖️Bond, ✖️James Bond.
⚠️ Ammo nazarda tutilayotgan shaxs bizga va tinglovchiga notanish ekanligini bildirmoqchi boʻlsak, shaxs nomlari oldidan noaniq artikl qoʻllanishi mumkin.
🔸 A Mr Brown is at the door. (Mr Brown degan odam)
⚠️Shuningdek, shaxs nomlari mualliflikni bildirib, shu san’atkorga yoki yozuvchiga oid asarni bildirish uchun qoʻllanilganda birlikda noaniq artikl qoʻllaniladi.
🔸 I'm fond of painting, especially landscapes. A Levitan picture is hanging in my living-room.(Levitan qalamiga mansub)
⚠️ Agar bir nechta bir xil ismli shaxs mavjud boʻlib, ular orasidan bittasini ajratib koʻrsatmoqchi boʻlsak, shaxs nomlari oldidan aniq artikl qoʻllanishi mumkin.
🔸 The Mr. Brown who lives next door is very friendly.

2️⃣ Hafta kunlari va oy nomlari oldidan hech qanday artikl qoʻllanilmaydi.
🔸 I'll see you on ✖️Saturday.
⚠️ Ammo haftaning aniq kunini aytmoqchi boʻlsak, ular oldidan aniq artikl qoʻllanishi mumkin. Bunda aniqlovchi gap yoki birikma mavjud bo'ladi.
🔸 They arrived on the Saturday after my birthday party.

3️⃣ Tartib sonlar oldidan aniq artikl qoʻllanilishini bilamiz.
🔸 It is the third time Ann has been late this week.
🔸 She was the first person to know about it.
⚠️ Ammo tartib sonlari 'yana (bir)' degan ma'noda noaniq artikl bilan qoʻllaniladi
🔸 A third man entered the room. (Uchinchi (yana bir) odam xonaga kirdi)

⚠️ a first night - premera, a first prize - birinchi o'ringa mukofot iboralari ham noaniq artikl bilan qoʻllanadi.
⚠️ Ravish boʻlib kelgan first/at first iboralarida artikl qo'llanilmaydi.
🔸 ✖️First, you must shake the bottle well, then drink the water.

4️⃣ next soʻzi kelajak zamon payt ravishini bildiradigan birikmalarda artiklsiz qoʻllaniladi.
🔸 He is going to learn French ✖️next year.
⚠️ next soʻzi oʻtgan zamon payt ravishini bildiradigan birikmalar yoki ot bilan 'keyingi' degan ma'noda qoʻllanilganda har doim aniq artikl bilan qoʻllaniladi.
🔸 He suddenly arrived the next morning.
🔸 When is the next bus?

5️⃣ Undalmalarda ot oldidan artikl qoʻllanilmaydi.
🔸 ✖️Students, hand in your tests!
📖Dars Introduction to Pronouns - Personal pronouns

✳️ Ingliz tilida ham oʻzbek tilidagi kabi olmosh soʻz turkumi mavjud boʻlib, ular boshqa soʻz turkumlari oʻrnida ularni almashtirib keladigan soʻzlardir. Shuning uchun ham bu so'z turkumi nomi 'almash' so'zidan kelib chiqqan.

✳️ Olmoshlarning asosiy turlari darslarda o'rganamiz. Bugun Personal pronouns (Kishilik olmoshlari) haqidagi ma'lumotlarni o'rganamiz. Ingliz tilida hozirgi kunda quyidagi kishilik olmoshlari mavjud.
I - men
You - siz, sizlar
We - biz
They - ular
He - u (erkaklar uchun)
She - u (ayollar uchun)
It - u (jonsiz predmet yoki hayvonlar uchun)

✳️ Bu olmoshlar gapda ega boʻlib qatnashadi va ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi hisoblanadi. Gap boshida hamma olmoshlar katta harf bilan yoziladi. Gap oʻrtasida esa I olmoshidan tashqari hamma olmoshlar kichik harf bilan yoziladi.
🔸 They are going on holiday next week, but we are staying at home.
🔸She was worried about Tom. He might have got lost.
🔸The dog is barking. It is very aggressive.

⚠️ she olmoshi davlat va kemalar (mashina) uchun qoʻllanishi mumkin.
🔸Now Britain needs new leadership if she is to play a significant role shaping Europe's future development.
🔸The ship's struck a rock. She is sinking!

⚠️ Ba'zan insonlar orasida uy hayvonlariga nisbatan he/she olmoshini ishlatilishi ham kuzatiladi. Mazkur holat majoziy obrazlar ishlatilgan ertak va hikoyalarda barcha hayvonlarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
🔸Look at the cat! She is drinking the milk.
🔸Once upon a time, there was a rabbit called Joe. He live in a forest.
Useful

Bahs va munozaralar uchun
aqlli iboralar

🔸 Ask me another - Osonroq narsa so‘ra!
🔸Eat one's words - gapini qaytib olmoq
🔸 Enough of it - Bu yetarli bo‘ldi
🔸 go into details - tafsilotlarga urg‘u bermoq
🔸 I don’t care - Menga ahamiyati yo‘q
🔸 I have no idea - Men tushunmayapman
🔸 I mean it! - Men jiddiy gapirdim!
🔸 I wish I knew - Buni bilishni xohlardim!
🔸 It doesn’t matter - Bu muhim emas
🔸 It doesn't make sense - Bunda ma'no yo‘q
🔸 It doesn't prove a thing - Bu hech narsani isbotlamaydi
🔸 It' s none of your business - Bu sizning ishingiz emas
🔸 It's a lie - Bu yolg‘on
🔸 It's all the same to me - Menga farqi yo‘q
🔸 It's beside the point - Buning dahli yo‘q
🔸 It's new to me - Birinchi marta eshitishim
🔸 It's out of place - Bu o‘rinsiz
🔸 It's up to you - O‘zing hal qil
🔸 It's waste of time - Bu vaqtni bekorga sarflash
🔸 Let's clear it up - Keling oydinlashtirib olamiz
🔸 Let's drop the subject - Keling mavzuni o‘zgartiramiz
🔸 Mind one's own business - Birovning ishiga aralashmaslik
🔸 no matter - ahamiyati yo‘q
🔸 point of view - nuqtai nazar
🔸 pro and con - rozi va norozi
🔸 say one's say - fikrini bildirmoq
🔸 side against - qarshi tomonni qo‘llamoq
🔸 So what? - Nima bo‘libdi?
🔸 speak one's mind - fikrini bildirmoq
🔸 Stand one's ground - o‘z fikrida qolmoq
🔸 Stand to reason - ma'noga ega bo‘lmoq
🔸 Take a side - bir tomonni (gapni) qo‘llamoq
🔸 Take a stand - muhim o‘rinni egallamoq
🔸 Take into account - diqqatga kirmoq
🔸 That's not the point - Gap bu haqda emas
🔸 That's very well, but - Bu juda yaxshi, lekin...
🔸 to one's face - yuziga (ochiqcha aytish)
🔸 up against - qarshilik qilmoq
🔸 Use your own judgement - O‘zing hal qil
🔸 What are you driving at? - Nimaga sha'ma qilyapsan?
🔸 What are you talking about? - Nima demoqchisiz o‘zi!
🔸 What for? - Nega?
🔸 What of it? - Bundan nima foyda?
🔸 You can take it from me - Menga ishonishing mumkin
📖Dars Personal pronouns as objects

✳️ Grammatikaga oid darsliklarda kishilik olmoshlari to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishlatilsa-da, ular personal pronoun hisoblanishi keltirilgan. Shuning uchun mavzu nomi ham aynan shunday nomlandi.

✳️ Ingliz tilida quyidagi to'ldiruvchi sifatida qo'llaniladigan kishilik olmoshlari mavjud:
me - meni, menga, mendan ...
you - sizni, sizga, sizdan ...
us - bizni, bizga, bizdan ...
them - ularni, ularga, ulardan ...
him - uni, unga, undan ...(erkak)
her - uni, unga, undan ....(ayol)
it - uni, unga, undan ...(predmet)

✳️ Bu olmoshlar fe'ldan keyin uning toʻldiruvchisi boʻlib keladi va olmoshlar gapda fe'lda ifodalangan ish-harakat yoʻnaltirilgan predmetni bildiradi:
🔸Henry is very selfish . We don't like him. (Henri juda xudbin. Biz uni (him) yoqtirmaymiz.)
🔸They were discussing the problem with us. (biz bilan)
🔸Where is Helen? Have you seen her? (uni)

✳️Bu olmoshlar koʻmakchi (with/about/from/to/beside/between/for) lardan keyin keladi, bu koʻmakchilar fe'ldan keyin yoki boshqa soʻz turkumlari (sifat, ot) keyin ham kelgan boʻlishi mumkin.
🔸Just between you and me. I don't like his car.
🔸Tom was angry with me.

⚠️ Olmoshlar boʻyicha test qilinganida ularning gapda boshqa soʻz turkumlarini oʻrnini bosa olishi hususiyati soʻraladi . Masalan:
▪️Choose the correct answer.
🔸The colonel greeted the soldiers. (Polkovnik askarlar bilan salomlashdi)
A) He/it
B) He/them
C) She/them
D) It/them
💡 The colonel - polkovnik, he olmoshiga toʻg'ri keladi, the soldiers - askarlar, toʻldiruvchi, them olmoshiga toʻg'ri keladi.

▪️Choose the correct answer.
🔸Tom and I are close friends. Tom lives near the station.
A) We/he/it
B) We/it/it
C) He/I/he/it
D) We/he/them
💡Collocations of the day 👌

✳️ Bugungi postimizda 'hope' (umid, umid qilmoq) so'zi bilan bog'liq collocationlarni o'rganamiz.

high hopes - katta umidlar
🔸 They have high hopes for their children. (Ularning farzandlaridan umidlari katta)
in the hope that - umid bilan, umidda
🔸 I am writing you in the hope that you can help me. (Men sizga yordam berasiz degan umidda yozmoqdaman)
beyond hope - umidsiz darajada
🔸The car was damaged beyond hope of repair. (Mashina tuzatib bo'lishga umidsiz tarzda zararlangan edi)
to hope for - umid qilmoq
🔸We are hoping for good weather. (Biz yaxshi ob-havoga umid qilmoqdamiz)
to hope for the best - eng yaxshisiga umid qilmoq
📕 So'z boyligimizni oshiramiz!

💥 You look well - ko'rinishingiz yaxshi.

💥 You look young - yosh ko'rinasiz.

💥 You haven't changed the least bit - siz hech o'zgarmagansiz.

💥 You are good-natured - xarakteringiz yaxshi ekan.

💥 You have excellent taste - didingiz chakki emas.

💥You have a fine sense of humour - hazilni yaxshi tushunar ekansiz.

💥 Smile becomes you - jilmayish sizga yarasharkan.

💥 You are always beautifully dressed - siz doim chiroyli kiyinasiz.

💥 You are easy to talk to - siz bilan gaplashish oson ekan.

💥 When you smile you look much younger - kulganingizda ancha yosh ko'rinar ekansiz.

💥 You never change - siz hech o'zgarmaysiz.

💥 You have a nice smile - tabassumingiz chiroyli ekan.

💥 You are an intelligent person - siz aqlli kishisiz.

💥 You walk gracefully - chiroyli qadam tashlar ekansiz.

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📖Dars Reflexive pronouns (o'zlik olmoshlari) I qism

✳️ Ingliz tilida ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va toʻldiruvchisi bir shaxs yoki predmet boʻlmaydi, ya'ni ish-harakat boshqa birovga oʻtadi.
🔸Tom is talking to Ann. (Tom Anna bilan gaplashyapti)
🔸Tom is talking to her. (Tom u bilan gaplashyapti)

✳️ Oʻzlik olmoshlari esa ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va ish-harakat qaratilgan shaxsni bitta shaxs sifatida bera oladi, ya'ni ish-harakat hech kimga oʻtmaydi va shaxsning oʻziga qaytadi.
🔸Tom is talking to himself. (Tom oʻzi bilan gaplashyapti)
🔸I am angry with myself. (Mening oʻzimdan jahlim chiqyapti)

✳️ Ingliz tilida o'zlik olmoshlari quyidagilardir:
myself - o'zimni, o'zimga, o'zimdan...
yourself - o'zingizni, o'zingizga, o'zingizdan...
yourselves - o'zlaringizni, o'zlaringizga, o'zlaringizdan...
ourselves - o'zimizni, o'zimizga, o'zimizdan...
himself - o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
herself - o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
itself -o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
themselves - o'zlarini, o'zlariga, o'zlaridan...

✳️ Bundan tashqari umumiy shaxsga nisbatan qoʻllaniladigan oneself/oneselves olmoshlari mavjud.
🔸Some things one must do oneself. (Ba'zi ishlarni insonning o'zi bajarishi kerak)

✳️Ingliz tilida oʻzlik olmoshi bilan qoʻllanishi shart boʻlgan fe'llar juda kam.
absent oneself - yoʻq boʻlmoq
pride oneself on - faxrlanmoq
pull oneself together - oʻziga kelmoq
avail oneself - foydalanmoq
familiarise oneself - tanishib olmoq, o'rganmoq
🔸Monica absented herself from work.
🔸Jim prides himself on his cooking.

✳️ Oʻzlik olmoshlari quyidagi fe'llar bilan qoʻllanishi koʻp kuzatiladi:
amuse - hursand qilmoq, dam olmoq
enjoy - zavqlanmoq
blame - ayblamoq
cut - kesmoq
dry - artinmoq
hurt - jarohatlamoq
introduce - tanishtirmoq
🔸I have cut myself with a knife. (Men qo'limni kesib oldim)
🔸We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party.
🔸I dried myself. (Men artindim)

💡 help yourself /yourselves iborasi oʻzbek tiliga 'oling, tortinmang' degan ma'nolarda taomga undash, taklif qilish uchun qoʻllaniladi.
🔸If you want more to eat, help yourselves. (Yana yeyishni xohlasangiz, tortinmay olaveringlar)
⚠️bring sth with/take sth with iboralari oʻzbek tiliga oʻzi bilan olib kelmoq/olib ketmoq ma'nosini bersada, ingliz tilida oʻzlik olmoshi bilan emas, toʻldiruvchi olmoshlar bilan qoʻllaniladi.
🔸I didn't take an umbrella with me.
🔸Bring the dictionary with you.

✳️ Quyidagi fe'llarda ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va ish-harakat qaratilgan shaxs bir shaxs boʻlsa ham oʻzlik olmoshi ishlatilmaydi.
shave - soqol olmoq
dress - kiyinmoq
wash - yuvinmoq
relax - hordiq chiqarmoq
feel - his qilmoq
concentrate - fikrini jamlamoq
meet - uchrashmoq
🔸I washed, shaved and dressed. (Men yuvindim, soqolimni oldim va kiyindim)
🔸Don't strain youself. Just relax. (Oʻzingizni urintirmang. Oʻzingizni boʻsh tuting)
🔸Please be quiet. I am trying to concentrate. (Iltimos jim boʻling. Men fikrimni jamlashga harakat qilayapman)

⚠️ feel fe’li ba’zan oʻzlik olmoshi bilan ishlatilishi mumkin
🔸I felt myself blush.

✳️ Adabiy ingliz tilida goodness/kindness/diligence/courtesy etc soʻzlari itself oʻzlik olmoshi bilan insonlarga nisbatan ham qoʻllanishi mumkin.
🔸He is diligence itself. ( U juda mehnatkash)
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📖Dars Reflexive pronouns (o'zlik olmoshlari) II qism

✳️ by + oʻzlik olmoshi - yolg' iz, hech kimning yordamisiz ma'nosida qoʻllaniladigan birikma hisoblanadi. Bu birikma ish-harakat gap egasining yolg'iz oʻzi tomonidan bajarilishini bildiradi.
🔸He was sitting by himself. (U yolg'iz oʻzi oʻtirardi)
🔸Did you go to the cinema by yourself? (Kinoga yolg'iz oʻzing bordingmi?)
🔸She lives by herself. (U yolg'iz oʻzi yashaydi...alone)
🔸Jimmy tied his shoelaces all by himself. (Jimmi tuflisining bog'ichini oʻzi bog'ladi...without help)

✳️ Oʻzlik olmoshlarini birgalik olmoshlaridan (reciprocal pronouns) - each other, one another lardan farq qila olish lozim. Masalan:
🔸Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves. (Tom va Anna oyna oldida turishdi va oʻzlariga qarashdi)
🔸Tom and Ann looked at each other. (Tom va Anna bir-birlariga qarashdi)

✳️ each other - bir-birini/bir-biriga... ( ikkita shaxs yoki predmet uchun), one another - bir-birini/bir-biriga... ( ikkidan ortiq shaxs yoki predmet uchun)
🔸Tom and Ann love each other.
🔸These three boys help one another.

✳️ Oʻzlik olmoshlari gapda ta'kidlash, ma'no kuchaytirish uchun ham qoʻllanishi mumkin. Bunday holatlarda oʻzlik olmoshlari ot yoki olmoshdan keyin yoki gap oxirida keladi.
🔸You yourself saw what happened. (Siz oʻzingiz nima boʻlganini koʻrdingiz)
🔸You saw what happened yourself. (Siz nima boʻlganini oʻzingiz koʻrdingiz)
🔸The film itself wasn't very good but the music was great. (Kinoning oʻzi yaxshi emas edi, ammo musiqasi zoʻr edi)

✳️Oʻzlik olmoshlari ko’makchilardan (predlogdan) keyin ham qoʻllanilishi mumkin.
🔸Look after yourself.
🔸Take care of yourself. (Ehtiyot boʻling)
🔸I am angry with myself.

⚠️Oʻzlik olmoshlari har doim oʻzi ishora qilayotgan otga /olmoshga mos boʻlishi lozim. Oldingi darsdagi diligence, kindness, goodness... so'zlari bilan ishlatilishi holatlari bundan istisno
🔸We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. (we - ourselves)
🔸Sarah lives by herself. (she - herself)

⚠️Quyidagi gapga e'tibor bering, bunday hollarda oʻzlik olmoshi qoʻllanilmaydi.
🔸Have you got any money on you? (Sizda biroz pul bormi?)
​​🔰 Useful and Motivational Reading time 👌

✳️ Today's reading passage is about Nelson Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) who was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

After twenty-seven years in prison, Nelson Mandela was elected president of his country. His primary goal was to convince blacks and whites of the power and wisdom of forgiveness.
When Nelson Mandela was young, racism was not only perfectly legal in South Africa, it was the law!
Black people were not allowed to vote, go to the same schools, shop in the same stores, or live in the same areas as white people. The system was called apartheid, and people were jailed if they spoke out against it.
Mandela was one of many people who fought against apartheid. At first, as a young lawyer, he tried to combat it through the legal system. But he got so angry with the beatings, murders, and other mistreatment of black people that he started urging them to fight back - to meet violence with violence.
As a result of his actions, he was arrested and sentenced to prison for life. Even in prison, because he was black, he got worse treatment than the white prisoners - poor food, hard labor such as breaking rocks in the hot sun, and only one letter or visitor every six months.
Nelson Mandela spent twenty-seven years in those terrible conditions. In the meantime, the world outside South Africa became more aware of, and more opposed to, apartheid.
Around the globe, people and governments demanded justice, including freedom for Mandela.
Finally, the South African government gave in - they agreed to end apartheid, have an election where everyone could vote, and let Nelson Mandela go free.
Over the years, Nelson Mandela had become a symbol of the fight against oppression.
Most people expected him to come out of prison angrier than ever; they thought he would call on black people to seek revenge.
But Mandela had spent all those years thinking about everything he had seen, and he had changed his mind about fighting and hating. He wanted to find a way to work together with whites, to build a “rainbow nation” where every person would be equal, like the colors in a rainbow.
In the first free election in South Africa, Mandela was elected president. He worked to get black and white people to forgive each other for bad things they had done in the past.
“If you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to work with your enemy,” he said. “Then he becomes your partner.”
Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. The man who had lost so much had taught his nation, and the world, the importance and power of forgiveness.

✳️10 Words to learn

forgiveness - kechirimlilik
racism - irqchilik
apartheid – apartheid (Janubiy Afrika Respublikasida mavjud bo'lgan irqchilikning bir turi)
beating - kaltaklash
mistreatment – yomon munosabatda bo’lmoq
violence – shafqatsizlik, zulm
treatment - munosabat
in the meantime – bir vaqtda
to be aware of – boxabar bo’lmoq
to seek revenge – qasos olmoq
✳️ Idiom of the day👌

✳️ Ingliz tilida hayratni, ajablanishni bildiradigan iboralar juda ko'p. Bugungi postda shularni eng mashhurini o'rganamiz - bu to blow sb's mind iborasidir.
✳️ Mazkur ibora biror narsadan juda zavqlanib hayratga tushganimizda ishlatiladi. Masalan, juda zo'r film yoki spektakl tomosha qildingiz va ushbu vaziyatda 'It blew my mind' deb aytishingiz mumkin.
🔸There was one scene in the film that really blew my mind. (Filmda bir sahna bor ediku, u haqiqatdan meni hayratga soldi)
🔸Oxford really blew his mind. He loved the feeling of the place, he loved the people. (Oksford uni haqiqatdan hayratga soldi. Unga joyning hissi, u yerning odamlari juda yoqdi)

✳️Shuningdek, mazkur iborasini mind-blowing - hayratlanarli, ajablanarli degan ma'nolarda sifat o'rnida ishlatish mumkin.
🔸The special effects in this film are pretty mind-blowing. (Bu filmdagi maxsus effektlar haqiqatdan hayratlanarli)

✳️ Cambridge lug'atida mazkur iboraga 'If something blows your mind, you find it very exciting and unusual' deb izoh berilgan.
📖Dars Much/many/a lot of so'zlarining qo'llanishi

1️⃣ much - koʻp soʻzi sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan inkor va soʻroq gaplarda qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Do you get much rain here? (Bu yerda koʻp yomg'ir yog'adimi?)
🔸She didn't get much money for her car. (U mashinasi uchun koʻp pul olmadi)

✳️ much soʻzi rasmiy va badiiy uslubda darak gaplarda ham qoʻllanadi.
🔸Much was said but little was done.
🔸There is much enthusiasm for the idea.

✳️ how much - qancha soʻroq olmoshi boʻlib, sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan qoʻllaniladi.
🔸How much bread did you buy?

✳️ much soʻzi kuchaytirish va qiyoslash ma'nosini beruvchi too/as/so soʻzlaridan keyin kelib, darak gaplarda qoʻllanadi.
🔸I've got too/so much work to do. (Mening bajaradigan ishim juda koʻp)
🔸Your car costs as much as mine.

2️⃣ many - koʻp soʻzi sanaladigan koʻplikdagi otlar oldidan inkor va soʻroq gaplarda qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Does he have many friends here? (Bu yerda uning koʻp doʻstlari bormi?)
🔸We don't get many storms here. (Bu yerda koʻp boʻron boʻlmaydi)

✳️ many soʻzi rasmiy va badiiy uslubda darak gaplarda ham qoʻllanadi.
🔸Many students have financial problems.

✳️ how many - qancha soʻroq olmoshi sanaladigan koʻplikdagi otlar oldidan kelib, miqdorni bildirib keladi.
🔸How many eggs do we need? (Bizga qancha tuxum kerak?)

✳️ many soʻzi kuchaytirish va qiyoslash ma'nosini beruvchi too/so/as soʻzlaridan keyin kelib darak gaplarda qoʻllanadi.
🔸You have made too many mistakes in your dictation. (Siz diktantingizda juda koʻp xato qilgansiz)
🔸Bill has got as many cars as Cecilia.

3️⃣ a lot of/lots of - koʻp soʻzi sanaladigan koʻplikdagi va sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan darak gaplarda qoʻllaniladi.
🔸We get a lot of storms here. (Bu yerda juda koʻp boʻronlar boʻladi)
🔸We get a lot of rain here. (Bu yerda juda koʻp yomg'ir boʻladi)

✳️ much/many/a lot soʻzlari otsiz qoʻllanishlari mumkin. Bunday vaziyatda ular oldin ishlatilgan otga ishora qiladilar.
🔸I take photos, but not as I used to. At one time I took a lot. (=a lot of photos)
🔸They asked me for some money but I myself haven't got much. (=much money)
🔸They have caught some fish but not many. (=many fish)

⚠️ Yuqoridagi soʻzlarni qoʻllashda asosiy e'tibor beriladigan jihati bu gapning turi va otning sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan ekanligini aniqlab olishdir.

✳️ a lot - koʻp, tez-tez ma'nosida darak gaplarda, much esa inkor va soʻroq gaplarda ravish boʻlib kelishi mumkin.
🔸She had to study a lot to catch up with the rest. (...koʻp oʻqishiga toʻg'ri keldi)
🔸They don't go out much. (Ular tez-tez koʻchaga chiqmaydilar)
🔸We didn't enjoy the film much.
Forwarded from Xushnudbek.uz
5 та фандан тест синовларига оид ҳозиргача маълум бўлган барча маълумотлар

👉 келгуси йилда 5 та фандан тест бўлиши аниқ, бу Президент қарорида белгиланган. Яъни бу масала аллақачон ҳал этилган, фақат тартиби ҳозирча расман тасдиқланмади холос;

👉 Mажбурий фанлар блоки (барча учун тушади):

Она тили (ўзбек, рус ёки қорақалпоқ тили) - 15 та савол, ҳар бири учун 2.1 баллдан;
Mатематика - 15 та савол, ҳар бири учун 2.1 баллдан;
Ўзбекистон тарихи - 15 та савол, ҳар бири учун 2.1 баллдан.

Жами тўплаш мумкин бўлган балл – 94.5 балл.

Она тили ва Ўзбекистон тарихи фанидан 1 дақиқагача, математикадан - 1,5 дақиқагача вақт ажратилади.

👉 Tаълим йўналишига мос мутахассислик блокидаги фанлар (йўналишига қараб ўзгаради):

1-фан - 30 та савол, ҳар бири учун 3.1 баллдан;
2-фан - 30 та савол, ҳар бири учун 3.1 баллдан.

Жами тўплаш мумкин бўлган балл – 186 балл.

Асосий блокдаги 2 та фан учун жами 2 соат вақт берилади.

👉 балларни ҳисоблаш тизимида ўзгариш бўлмайди, аввал қандай бўлса, шундайлигича қолади. Яъни ҳар бир блокдан тўпланган баллар қўшилиб, умумий баллни ташкил этади ва абитуриентлар мана шу 5 та блокдан тўплаган бали бўйича ўзаро курашади (илгари учта блокнинг умумий бали олинарди). Энг максимал балл 280,5 балл бўлади;

👉 айрим йўналишларда мажбурий блокдаги фан билан махсус блокдаги фан бир хил бўлиб қолиши мумкин. Масалан, математика йўналишига ҳужжат топширган абитуриент мажбурий блокда ҳам, мутахассислик блокида ҳам математика фанидан тест ишлайди. Бу иккаласининг асосий фарқи —мажбурий блокдаги саволларнинг барчаси соддалаштирилган, энг осон даражада бўлади, мутахассислик блокидаги саволлар эса турли мураккабликда (осон, ўртача, қийин) бўлади;

👉 5 та фандан тест бўлишга оид тартиб, фақат давлат ОТМларига тааллуқли. Шу пайтгача бўлгани каби, бу янги тартиб ҳарбий, диний, хусусий, нодавлат ва хорижий ОТМларга алоқадор эмас;

👉 3 та мажбурий фан касбий (ижодий) имтиҳон топшириладиган йўналишлар учун, шунингдек магистратура учун тааллуқли эмас;

👉 3+2 кўринишдаги ушбу тартиб бакалавриатнинг барча таълим шакллари (кундузги, сиртқи, кечки) учун бирдек қўлланади;

👉 мажбурий блокда она тили (ўзбек, рус ёки қорақалпоқ тили) фанидан тушадиган 15 та савол ичида Адабиёт фанидан тест саволлари бўлмайди;

👉 мажбурий блокда Ўзбекистон тарихи фанидан тушадиган 15 та савол ичида Жаҳон тарихидан тест саволлари бўлмайди;

👉
мажбурий блокда Математика фанидан тушадиган 15 та савол ичида геометрия ёки информатикадан тест саволлари бўлмайди;

👉
мутахассислик блокида Математика фанидан тушадиган 30 та савол ичида информатикадан саволлар бўлмайди;

👉 мутахассислик блокдаги 2 та фан учун жорий йилги тест синовларида қўлланган фанлар мажмуасининг 3,1 ҳамда 2,1 балл берилган дастлабки 2 та фан олинмоқда. Масалан, тиббиёт йўналишлари учун биология ва кимё. Молия-иқтисод йўналишлари учун математика ва чет тили. Ва ҳ.к;

👉 қайси йўналишда қайси фанлардан тест саволлари бўлишини мана бу ердан кўришингиз мумкин.

👉 тест саволлари тушадиган дарсликлар рўйхати билан мана бу ерда танишишингиз мумкин.

Юқоридаги маълумотлар Давлат тест маркази хабарлари асосида тайёрланди.


👉 @xushnudbek 👈
✳️ Bilib qo'ygan yaxshi 👌

✳️ much so'zi ingliz tilida zavqlanish, afzal ko'rish va boshqa ma'nolarni beradigan fe'llar oldidan darak, so'roq va inkor gaplarda odatda rasmiy uslubda qo'llanishi mumkin.
🔸I much appreciate your help.
🔸We much prefer the country to the town.
🔸I didn't much enjoy the concert.

✳️ Shuningdek, much of+shaxs qurilmasida birovni tez-tez ko'rmagan holatlarda ishlatishimiz mumkin.
🔸We don't see much of Tony nowadays.
🔸We won't be seeing much of each other for a while.