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ProStudy - yetakchichi mental arifmetika maktabi!

@ProStudy

Mental arifmetika
mayda motorika va aniq arifmetik harakatlar yordamida chap yarimsharni rivojlantirishga ko‘mak beradi. O‘ng yarimshar o‘ng va chap qo‘llarni ishlatish, “xayol” (tasavvur)dagi ish davomida harakatga keladi. Mashg‘ulotlar samarasi o‘laroq bolada faollik va tashabbuskorlik jihatlari o‘sadi. Bola charchashdan to‘xtaydi, maktabdagi darslarni oson o‘zlashtiradi, ijodiy va texnik to‘garaklarga qiziqish bilan qatnaydi, xorijiy tillarni tez o‘rganadi. Bundan tashqari, bolada mustaqillik, o‘ziga ishonch va yetakchilik sifatlari shakllanadi.

ProStudy - yetakchi mental arifmetika maktabi!

🎓Mashxur psixolog va pedagogdan aqilli ota-onalar uchun foydali ko‘rsatmalar!

Yuliya Borisovna Gippenreyter — mashhur psixolog, qobiliyatli pedagog, professor, bola tarbiyasi bo‘yicha ko‘plab kitob va qo‘llanmalar muallifidir.

Muallifning so‘zlari biz ota-onalarni, hammasi o‘z-o‘zidan iziga tushib ketishini kutmasdan, o‘zaro munosabatlar ustida ishlashga undaydi. Quyida keltirilgan tavsiya va yo‘l-yo‘riqlar chuqur ma’noga ega bo‘lib, ularni yaxshilab mushohada qilish talab etiladi:

1. «Quloqsiz», «muammoli», «o‘ziga ishonmaydigan» va «baxtsiz» bolalar – doim noto‘g‘ri shakllangan oilaviy munosabatlarning natijasidir.

2. Bolani hech bir shartsiz qabul qilish – bu uni chiroyli, aqlli, qobiliyatli, a’lochi, yordamchi bo‘lganligi uchun emas, shunchaki borligi uchun yaxshi ko‘rishni anglatadi!

3. Bolani qancha ko‘p urushsak, u shuncha yomonlashib boraveradi. Ota-onaning vazifasi bolada shartli reflekslarni ishlab chiqarishdan iborat emas.

4. Ota-ona qanchalik tez-tez bolaga zarda qilib, uni tanqid qilib, jerkib tursa, u shuncha tez «Meni yaxshi ko‘rishmaydi» degan xulosaga keladi.

5. Tartib-intizom yaxshi aloqalar o‘rnatilishidan avval emas, faqat ulardan so‘ng va ular asosida shakllanadi.

6. Bola yordam so‘ramagan paytda uning ishlariga aralashmang. Uning ishlariga aralashmaslik orqali unga «Hammasi joyida! Sen albatta uddalaysan!» degan undov berasiz. Farzandingiz murakkab vaziyatlarga duch kelgan hollar bundan istisno, albatta.

7. Bolaning shaxsiyati va qobiliyati faqat uning o‘zi qiziqqan va istagan mashg‘ulot bilan shug‘ullanganda rivojlanadi.

8. O‘smirlikdagi moda ketidan ergashish xuddi suvchechak kabidir – aksariyat bolalar uni o‘ziga yuqtirib, yengil yoki og‘irroq boshdan kechiradi, bir necha yildan so‘ng esa ortiga o‘girilib, o‘zining kulgusi qistaydi.

9. Farzandingizga o‘z harakatlari yoki harakatsizligining salbiy oqibatlari bilan yuzma-yuz kelishiga imkon bering. Shundagina u ulg‘aya boshlaydi va o‘z harakatlarini idrok eta boshlaydi.

10. Bolaning nomaqbul xatti-harakati hayotning normal bo‘lmagan shart-sharoitiga javoban normal reaksiyasidir.

11. Qattiqqo‘l ona boladan hissiy uzoqlashgan hisoblanadi, har holda bola shunday his qiladi.

12. Bolaning o‘zligini saqlab qolishiga imkon bering. Unga doim nimalarnidir qilishga majburlab, nasihat qilib, siz aytgan vazifalarni nima bo‘lishidan qati’-nazar bajarishga undamang.

13. O‘z-o‘zini anglash va o‘z-o‘zini tarbiya qilish bu – bola tarbiyasi uchun da’vogar ota-ona va o‘qituvchining birinchi burchidir.

🚸Farzandingiz xafa bo‘lgan, ranjigan, omadsizlikka uchragan yoki nimadandir uyalgan yoki qo‘rqqan holatlarda, yo unga nisbatan qo‘pol yoki nohaq munosabatda bo‘lishganda va hattoki u juda charchaganda ham birinchi qilishingiz lozim bo‘lgan ish bu — uning holati yoki kechinmalaridan xabardor ekanligingizni unga bildirishdir!

Aniq artiklning atoqli otlar bilan qo'llanishi (I qism)

✳️ Atoqli otlar (joy, tashkilot, davlat nomlari) oldidan artikl qoʻllanishi yoki qoʻllanilmasligi masalasi juda murakkab boʻlib, oʻrganishda sabr va qunt talab qiladi. Albatta, bu yerda geografiya fanini bilish ham muhim ahamiyatga ega, chunki atoqli otlarning qaysi guruhga (daryo, kanal, ko'l va hakozo) mansub ekanlginini bilish lozim.

✳️Quyida aniq artikl bilan qoʻllanadigan atoqli otlarning bir guruhi berilgan.

✳️ Tashkilotlar: The United Nations, The BBC (lekin✖️ NATO)
✳️ Kema nomlari: The Titanic, The Mary Jane, The Endeavor, The Queen Elizabeth
✳️ Davlat organlari va idoralari: the police, the government, the army
✳️ Tarixiy hujjatlar: The Magne Carta, The Constitution
✳️ Tarixiy voqealar : The French Revolution, The American Revolution
✳️ Ba’zi san’at asarlari nomlari: The Odyssey, the Mona Lisa
✳️ Rasmiy unvonlar : The President, the King, the Queen, the Prime Minister
✳️ Siyosiy partiyalar: The Labour Party, The Republican Party
✳️ Gazeta nomlari (agar ularning nomlari ingliz tilida yozilgan boʻlsa): The Economist, The Times, The Moscow Times, The Sun, The Daily Mirror, The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Tashkent Times

⚠️ Gazeta nomlari boshqa tilda berilsa, artikl qoʻllanilmaydi:
✖️ Le Monde (fransuz gazetasi)
✖️Der Spiegel (nemis gazetasi)
✖️Darakchi (oʻzbek gazetasi)

✳️ Oila nomlari: The Browns, the Wilsons, the Usmanovs
✳️ Okean, dengiz, daryo, kanal va ko'llar guruhlari nomlari: The Pacific Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Black Sea, The Dead Sea, The Mediterranean (Sea), The Thames, The Amudaryo, The Panama Canal, The Suez Canal, The Great Lakes
✳️ Choʻl (sahro) nomlari: The Sahara (Desert), The Gobi
✳️ Bay (qoʻltiq); gulf (koʻrfaz); strait (boʻg'ozlar) nomlari : The Persian Gulf, The Bering Straits, The Bosphorus
✳️ Tog' tizmalari va orollar guruhi nomlari : The Swiss Alps, The Rocky Mountains, The Pamirs, The Himalays, The Azors, The Bahamas, The British Isles

⚠️ Lekin birlikdagi orollar va tog'lar (choʻqqilar) oldidan artikl qoʻllanilmaydi: ✖️Ben Nevis, ✖️(Mount) Everest, ✖️Corsica, ✖️Malta

✳️ kingdom/union/united/republic/federation soʻzlari qatnashgan davlatlar nomlari oldidan : The United Kingdom, The United States, The Republic of China, The Russian Federation, The Republic of Uzbekistan
✳️Ba'zi davlat va shahar nomlari oldidan (istisno sifatida) : The Ukraine, The Crimea, The Congo, The Netherlands, The Caucasus, The Sudan, The Yemen,The Lebanon, The Transvaal, The Hague, The Vatican, The Bronx
⚠️ ✖️Argentina oldidan hech qanday artikl qoʻllanilmaydi.

📖 Aniq artiklning atoqli otlar bilan qo'llanishi (II qism)

✳️ Ba'zi dunyo mintaqalari nomlari oldidan: The Middle East, The Far East, The Arctic, The Balcans, The Antarctic

⚠️ ✖️Central Asia, ✖️Central Europe birikmalarida artikl qoʻllanilmaydi.

✳️Teatr/muzey/galeriya/kinoteatr/restoran/kafe/bar/tungi klub/mehmonxona nomlari oldidan: The Globe, The British Museum, The Tate Gallery, The Odeon, The Cafe Royal, The Hilton, The Hermitage, The Louvre
✳️ Ba'zi koʻcha nomlari oldidan: The Mall, The Strand, The High Street, The Arbat
✳️ Ba'zi bino va inshootlar nomlari oldidan: The Lincoln Memorial, The Albert Hall, The Carnegie Hall, The White House, The Royal Palace, The Empire State Building, The Acropolis, The Eiffel Tower, The Pyramids, The Kremlin
✳️ Tarixiy davrlarni bildiruvchi ba'zi atamalar oldidan: The Dark Ages, The Bronze Age, The Middle Ages, The Third Millennium

✳️ noun+ of + noun sifatida qoʻllanilgan atoqli otli birikmalarida: The Tower of London, The Great Wall of China, The University of Cambridge, The Castle of York
✳️ Dunyo taraflari joy, hududni bildirib kelganda: the south of England , the west of China, the south, the north

⚠️ Davlat yoki qit'a nomini bildirib kelgan birikmalarda North/South/East/West soʻzlari artikl olmaydi.
✖️ South Africa, ✖️North America, ✖️South America
▪️north/south/east/west soʻzlariga sifat yasovchi -ern qoʻshimchasi qoʻshilsa, artikl qoʻllanilmaydi (northern/southern):
✖️northern Spain, ✖️western India
▪️Dunyo taraflari (north/south/east/west) yoʻnalishni bildirib, ravish sifatida fe'l bilan ishlatilsa artikl olmaydi: to sail ✖️north/ from ✖️east to ✖️west

✳️ Yer yuzi yarim sharlari va qutblar oldidan: The Western Hemisphere, The Eastern Hemisphere, The Northern Hemisphere, The Southern Hemisphere, The North Pole, The South Pole

✳️ Koʻl nomlari oldidan artikl qoʻllanilmaydi: ✖️Lake Baikal / Baikal, ✖️Lake Victoria, ✖️Lake Superior, ✖️Lake Huron, ✖️Lake Michigan, ✖️Lake Erie, ✖️Lake Ontario, ✖️Crater Lake, ✖️Utah Lake, ✖️Lake Geneva, ✖️Great Pond
⚠️ the Great Salt Lake, the Great Lakes

📖 Artikl qo'llanilmaydigan holatlar (I qism)

✳️ Quyida ingliz tilida otlar oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydigan holatlar keltirilgan bo'lib, bu qoidalar umumiy va maxsus holatlarda ishlatiladi. Odatga ko'ra, umumiy holatlardan boshlaymiz.

1️⃣Umumiy ma'nodagi koʻplikdagi otlar oldidan:
🔸✖️Trees don't grow in the Antarctic. (Antarktidada daraxtlar oʻsmaydi)
🔸✖️Cats don't like cold weather. (Mushuklar sovuq ob-havoni xush koʻrishmaydi)
🔸✖️Doctors are paid more than ✖️teachers. (Doktorlar oʻqituvchilarga qaraganda yaxshi oylik olishadi)
🔸✖️Beans are good for you. (Loviyalar sizga foydali)
🔸✖️Museums are closed on Mondays. (Muzeylar dushanba kunlari yopiq boʻladi)

2️⃣ Umumiy ma'nodagi sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan:
🔸I like ✖️butter. (Men saryog'ni yoqtiraman)
🔸✖️Red is my favourite colour. (Qizil mening sevimli rangim)
🔸✖️Life is short. (Hayot qisqa)
🔸✖️Oil is produced in Alaska. (Neft Alyaskada ishlab chiqariladi)

3️⃣ Sport turlari va maktab predmet (fan)lari oldidan:
▪️tennis ▪️football ▪️golf ▪️swimming ▪️boxing ▪️dancing ▪️physics ▪️biology ▪️mathematics ▪️history ▪️politics ▪️English ▪️French ▪️Latin ▪️Finnish
🔸At school my favourite subjects were ✖️history and ✖️English.

⚠️Fan nomlari aniq soha yoki yoʻnalishni bildirgan holatlarda aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
✅ the history of Uzbekistan
✅ The English language

⚠️ 'football' oʻyin turi emas, koptokni bildirib kelganda a artiklini oladi.
🔸I always take a football and my guitar if I go on a picnic.

4️⃣Umumiy ma'nodagi mavhum otlar oldidan:
▪️love ▪️friendship ▪️silence ▪️peace ▪️war ▪️freedom ▪️childhood ▪️enmity
🔸✖️Silence is golden. (Sukut oltinga teng)
🔸People all over the world want ✖️peace.

⚠️ Yuqoridagi otlar aniqlashtirilsa, aniq artikl qoʻllanishi mumkin.
✅ the peace between Russia and Japan/The Civil War

5️⃣ Shaxs nomlari oldidan:
✖️Jack ✖️Steve Jobs ✖️Michael Wood ✖️Mr. Johnson ✖️Charles Dickens

6️⃣Qit'a, davlat, shahar, shaharcha va qishloq nomlari oldidan (istisno holatlari uchun oldingi mavzuga ham qarang):
✖️Asia ✖️Africa ✖️South America ✖️North America ✖️South Africa ✖️France ✖️Moscow ✖️London ✖️England ✖️Great Britain ✖️Tashkent ✖️Nurafshon
🔸✖️London is the capital of ✖️Great Britain.

7️⃣ Atoqli ot nomi joy yoki shaxs nomi + inshoot sifatida shakllangan boʻlsa, bunday otlar oldidan:
✖️Victoria Station ✖️Westminster Abbey ✖️Kennedy Airport ✖️Buckingham Palace ✖️Edinburg Castle ✖️Canterbury Cathedral ✖️Nelson's Column

8️⃣Koʻcha, xiyobon, park, zoopark, soat, maydon va koʻpriklar nomi oldidan:
✖️Broadway ✖️Fifth Avenue ✖️London Zoo ✖️Hyde Park ✖️London Bridge ✖️Red Square✖️Big Ben

⚠️ Istisno sifatida The Brooklyn Bridge, The Golden Gate Bridge, The Gorky Park, The Central Park Zoo iboralarni yodlab qoʻying.

9️⃣ Cherkov va ibodatxona nomlari avliyolar Saint (St) nomiga qoʻyilgan boʻlsa:
✖️St John's Church✖️Saint Paul's Cathedral

​​🔰 Useful and Motivational Reading time 👌

✳️ Today's reading passage is about Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) who was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

An astronomer, mathematician, inventor, and author, Galileo Galilei was a rebel genius in the 1600s who was sentenced as a heretic by the Catholic Church.
He’s been called the father of modern astronomy, the father of modern physics, even the father of all modern science, but Galileo Galilei (who is known by his first name only) was a rebel. He did not set out to turn the science world and the Roman Catholic Church on their collective ears, but that’s what happened.
The son of a musician in Italy, Galileo was a naturally curious man with a great gift for mathematics and invention. When someone told him that a scientist in Holland thought it might be possible to use a tube with glass lenses to see far away, Galileo sat down and built the first modern telescope.
Sea captains and others loved his invention, but it was when Galileo turned one of his telescopes towards the sky that he began to get into trouble.
In the Europe of the early 1600s, the Catholic Church was the ultimate power. People who questioned its version of the world risked being labeled “heretics,” and arrested, tortured, even killed. The Church insisted that the Earth was the center of the universe and that the planets were perfect spheres, and anyone who tried to contradict these ideas was in great danger. The problem was that Galileo’s telescope had shown him that the Church’s teachings on this matters was wrong.
Galileo proved that the Earth orbited around the Sun, not the other way around. He found moons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn, when the Church said everything was supposed to revolve around the Earth. And Galileo even measured the mountains and valleys on the Moon, showing that it was not the perfect sphere the Church claimed it to be.
Galileo not only made these discoveries, he also published them in widely popular books that often made fun of the ignorance of his critics. Even though he tried to tiptoe around the Church’s positions, everything Galileo did proved them wrong.
It was only a matter of time before Galileo was put on trial and sentenced as a heretic. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, and all of his books were banned. A true scientist to the end, Galileo kept experimenting and writing in secret, even as an old man. It was only long after his death, when there was so much proof that his findings could no longer be ignored, that Galileo’s work was fully recognized. In 1992, the Catholic Church apologized and admitted he had been right.

✳️10 Word to learn:

✅ a rebel – qo’zg’olonchi, isyonkor (matnda ilm sohasida yangilik qilgan, o’sha davr uchun qarshi fikr bildirgan degan ma’noda)
✅ a heretic - dahriy
✅ ultimate - asosiy, tub, bosh
✅ to torture - qiynamoq
✅ to contradict – qarshi chiqmoq
✅ to orbit – atrofida (orbitasida) aylanmoq
✅ to revolve - aylanmoq
✅ ignorance – jaholat, ilmsizlik
✅ to tiptoe – oyoq uchida yurmoq, (matnda) bilintirmaslik
✅ to admit – tan olmoq

📖Artiklsiz qo'llaniladigan turg'un birikmalar (I qism)

✳️ Quyidagi birikmalar ingliz tilida artiklsiz qo'llaniladi. Ularni bilish testlarni ishlashda juda foydali hisoblanadi.
✅ arm in arm - qoʻl ushlashib
✅ ask for permission - ruxsat soʻramoq
✅ at first - boshida
✅ at first sight - bir koʻrishda
✅ at peace - tinchlik davrida
✅ in despair - chorasiz
✅ in doubt - shubhada
✅ in trouble - tashvishda
✅ in love with - sevib qolgan
✅ beyond recognition - tanib bo'lmas darajada
✅ by accident - tasodifan
✅ by chance - tasodifan
✅ by heart - yoddan
✅ by mistake - adashib, bilmasdan
✅ do research - izlanish olib bormoq
✅ from morning till night - ertalabdan kechgacha
✅ have difficulty - qiynalmoq
✅ have trouble - muammoga duch kelmoq
✅ in charge of - javobgar, mas'ul
✅ in common - umumiy, birga
✅ in demand - bozori chaqqon
✅ in debt - qarzdor, qarzga botgan
✅ in person - shaxsan
✅ in secret - mahfiy, yashirin
✅ in vain - bekorga
✅ in touch - aloqada
✅ on account of - nomidan
✅ take into account - hisobga olmoq
✅ on horseback - ot ustida
✅ on board - kemada
✅ on deck - bortda
✅ on leave - ta'tilda (mehnat, homiladorlik)
✅ on purpose - ataylab
✅ on sale - sotuvda
✅ on strike - ish tashlashda
✅ out of date - eskirgan
✅ out of doors - tashqarida
✅ out of order - buzilgan
✅ day after day - kundan kunga
✅ take refuge - boshpana so'ramoq
✅ in power - hokimiyatda

📖Dars Artiklsiz qo'llaniladigan turg'un birikmalar (II qism)

✳️ Quyidagi birikmalar ingliz tilida artiklsiz qo'llaniladi. Ularni bilish testlarni ishlashda juda foydali hisoblanadi.

✅ for hours/ages - soatlab/ koʻp vaqtdan beri
✅ for sale - sotuvda
✅ from head to toe - boshidan oyog’igacha
✅ live from hand to mouth - qiyinchilikda yashamoq
✅ from head to foot - boshidan oyog’igacha
✅ from memory - esdan
✅ at last - nihoyat
✅ from side to side - u yoqdan bu yoqqa
✅ get into trouble - muammoga duch kelmoq
✅ out of mind - esdan chiqqan
✅ beyond understanding - tushunish qiyin
✅ out of sight - koʻzdan yiroqda
✅ hand in hand - qoʻlma qoʻl
✅ have breakfast - nonushtda qilmoq
✅ have lunch - tushlik tanovul qilmoq
✅ have fun - maza qilmoq
✅ in case - har ehtimolga qarshi
✅ in cash - naqd pulda
✅ in connection with - bog’liq
✅ in contact with - aloqada
✅ in detail - atroflicha
✅ in fact - haqiqatda
✅ in search of - qidirib
✅ It’s high time - vaqti boʻldi
✅ it’s fun - maza, zoʻr
✅ lose control - nazorat qoʻldan chiqmoq
✅ on behalf of - nomidan
✅ on foot - piyoda
✅ on fire - yong’inda
✅ at hand - yonida
✅ on holiday - ta’tilda
✅ on business - ish bilan
✅ for pleasure - dam olish uchun
✅ out of breath - halloslab qolgan
✅ out of control - nazoratsiz
✅ pay attention to - e’tibor bermoq
✅ step by step - qadam baqadam
✅ day by day - kundan kunga
✅ take offence - hafa boʻlmoq
✅ take action - chora koʻrmoq
✅ in practice - amalda

Bugun navbatdagi sinov test bo'lib o'tmoqda.Abituriyentlarimizga omad tilaymiz !!!