Maratha Military Landscapes of India Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India’s 44th Entry.

Spanning from the 17th to 19th centuries CE, this extraordinary network of 12 forts demonstrates the strategic military vision and architectural ingenuity of the Maratha Empire. 11 of them are in Maharashtra and 1 is in Tamil Nadu.

These 12 Forts are :-

Raigad Fort | Rajgad Fort | Pratapgad Fort | Shivneri Fort | Panhala Fort | Lohagad Fort | Salher Fort | Sindhudurg Fort | Vijaydurg Fort | Suvarnadurg Fort | Khanderi Fort | Jinji Fort

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Autobiographies of Some Famous Personalities

Autobiographies of Some Famous Presidents & Prime Ministers

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - Wings Of Fire
• A.P.J Abdul Kalam - My Journey : Transforming Dreams into Actions
• Barack Obama - Dreams from my Father
• Benazir Bhutto - Daughter of Destiny
• Dr. Manmohan Singh - Changing India
• Inder Kumar Gujral - Matters of Discretion
• Jawaharlal Nehru - An Autobiography : Toward Freedom
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - India Wins Freedom
• Nelson Mandela - Long Walk To Freedom
• Rajendra Prasad - Athma Katha

Autobiographies of Some Famous Sportsmen and Athletes

• Abhinav Bindra - A Shot At History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold
• Kapil Dev - Sraight From The Heart
• Mary Kom - Unbreakable
• Milkha Singh - The Race of my Life
• Mushtaq Ali - Cricket Delightful
• P.T Usha - Golden Girl
• Sachin Tendulkar - Playing it my Way
• Sania Mirza - Ace against Odds
• Sourav Ganguly - A Century Is Not Enough
• Sunil Gavaskar - Sunny Days
• Usain Bolt - Faster Than Lightning
• Vishwanathan Anand - Mind Master
• Yuvraj Singh - The Test of My Life

Autobiographies of Some Famous Artists

• Anupam Kher - Lessons Life Taught Me Unknowingly
• Dilip Kumar - The Substance and the Shadow
• James Brown - The Godfather of Souls
• Michael Jackson - Moon Walk
• Sonu Sood - I am no Messiah

Autobiographies of Some Other Personalities

• L.K. Advani - My Country My Life
• Baba Ramdev - My Life, My Mission
• Dalai Lama - Freedom In Exile
• Mahatma Gandhi - My Story Of Experiments with Truth
• Stephen Hawking - A Brief History Of Time
• Bhagat Singh - Why am I an Atheist
• Malala Yousafzai - I’m Malala

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Borders/Boundary Lines

• Macmahon Line - India & China

• Line of Actual Control (LAC) - India & China

• Line of Control (LOC) - India & Pakistan

• Radcliffe Line - India & Pakistan

• Durand Line - Afghanistan & Pakistan

• Palk Strait - India & Sri Lanka

• Maginot Line - Germany & France

• Oder Neisse Line - Germany & Poland

• Hindenburg Line - Germany & Poland

• 17th Parallel - N.Vietnam & S.Vietnam

• 38th Parallel - N.Korea & S.Korea

• 49th Parallel - USA & Canada

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UNION BUDGET 2025-26

Important One Liners

• Government to launch a 6-year “Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses” with focus on Tur, Urad and Masoor. NAFED and NCCF to procure these pulses from farmers during the next 4 years.

• A Makhana Board to be established in Bihar to improve production, processing, value addition, and marketing of makhana.

• The loan limit under the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme to be enhanced from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh for loans taken through the KCC.

• A plant with annual capacity of 12.7 lakh metric tons to be set up at Namrup, Assam.

• Customized Credit Cards with ₹5 lakh limit for micro enterprises registered on Udyam portal, 10 lakh cards to be issued in the First year.

• A new scheme for 5 lakh women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes first-time entrepreneurs to provide term-loans upto ₹ 2 crore in the next 5 years announced.

• A National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management to be set up in Bihar.

• Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme announced to provide digital-form Indian language books for school and higher education.

• Greenfield airports announced in Bihar, in addition to the expansion of the capacity of Patna airport and a brownfield airport at Bihta.

• The FDI limit for the insurance sector to be raised from 74 to 100 per cent, for those companies which invest the entire premium in India.

• No personal income tax payable upto income of Rs 12 lakh (i.e. average income of Rs 1 lakh per month other than special rate income such as capital gains) under the new regime.

• This limit will be Rs 12.75 lakh for salaried tax payers, due to standard deduction of Rs 75,000.

• The limit for tax deduction on interest for senior citizens doubled from the present Rs 50,000 to Rs 1 lakh.

• The annual limit of Rs 2.40 lakh for TDS on rent increased to Rs 6 lakh.

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Chemical Name & Formula

Baking Powder - Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Blue Vitriol - Copper Sulphate (CuSO4.5H20)
Bleaching Powder - Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2)
Caustic Potash - Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Chalk - Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Chloroform - Trichloromethane (CHCL3)
Dry Ice - Solid Carbondioxide (CO2)
Epsum - Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O)
Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O)
Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O)
Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Magnesia - Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Milk of Magnesia - Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)
Marsh Gas - Methane (CH4)
Mohr's Salt - Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate ((NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O)
Muriatic Acid - Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
Plaster of Paris - Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO4.½H2O)
Quicklime - Calcium Oxide (CaO)
Rock Salt - Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Sand - Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Salt Petre - Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)
Slaked Lime - Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
Soda Ash - Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
Vinegar - Acetic Acid (CH2COOH)
Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3.10H2O)
White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O)

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Vitamins

Vitamin A - Retinol
Disease - Glaucoma , Xeropthalamia

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Disease - Bery-Bery

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Disease - Pellagra

Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine

Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid

Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin
Disease - Pernicious Anaemia

Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid
Disease - Scurvy

Vitamin D - Calciferol
Disease - Rickets , Osteoporosis , Vitiligo

Vitamin E - Tocopherol

Vitamin K - Phylloquinone
Disease - Blood Clotting , Haemorrhage

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Natural Occurence of Some Acids

Acetic Acid - Vinegar
Ascorbic Acid - Amla
Amino Acid - Protein
Butyric Acid - Rancid Butter
Carbonic Acid - Cold Drinks
Citric Acid - Citrus Fruits (Lemon, Orange)
Formic Acid (Methanoic) - Sting of Bees & Ants , Nettle Plant
Glutenic Acid - Wheat
Hydrochloric Acid - Gastric Juice
Lactic Acid - Sour Milk , Muscles
Mallic Acid - Apples
Oleic Acid - Olive Oil
Oxalic Acid - Tomatoes
Tartaric Acid - Grapes , Tamarind
Tannic Acid - Tea
Uric Acid - Urine

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Making Of the Indian Constitution

• The Idea to have a constitution was given by MN ROY in December 1934.
• The Demand of Constituent Assembly was taken up by the Congress Party in 1935 as an official demand. The British accepted this in the August Offer of 1940.
• The Constituent Assembly had 389 representatives, including 15 women. Of which 292 were representatives of Provinces, 93 represented the Princely States & 4 were from the cheif commissioner provinces of Delhi , Azmer-Merwara, Coorg & British Baluchistan.
• On 9 December 1946, First meeting was held and Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was elected as Temporary President.
• On 11 December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the Assembly's Permanent Chairman.
• The Constituent assembly had 11 Sessions over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.
• On 13th Dec 1946, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objective Resolution in the Constituent Assembly of India and On 22 Jan 1947, the Constituent Assembly accepted this Resolution.
• On 22 July 1947, National Flag was adopted.
• On 26 November 1949, Constitution of India was adopted.
• On 24 January 1950, National Anthem "Jana Gana Mana" & National Song "Vande Mataram" was adopted.
• On 24 January 1950, The Members of the Constituent Assembly signed the Constitution of India.
• On 24 January 1950, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as India's First President.
• On 26 January 1950, National Emblem was adopted.
• On 26 January 1950, Constitution of India came into force.

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INDIA STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2023

Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav released the ‘India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR 2023) at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.

The India State of Forest Report 2023 is 18th such report in the series.


MAJOR FINDINGS

• The Forest and Tree cover of the country is 8,27,357 sq km which is 25.17% of the geographical area of the country, consisting of 7,15,343 sq km (21.76%) as Forest Cover and 1,12,014 sq km (3.41%) as Tree Cover.

• As compared to assessment of 2021, There is an increase of 1445 sq km in the Forest and Tree Cover of the country which includes 156 sq km increase in the Forest Cover and 1289 sq km increase in Tree Cover.

• Top Four States showing maximum increase in Forest and Tree Cover are Chhattisgarh (684 sq km) followed by Uttar Pradesh (559 sq km), Odisha (559 sq km) and Rajasthan (394 sq km).

• Top Three States showing maximum increase in Forest Cover are Mizoram (242 sq km) followed by Gujarat (180 sq km) and Odisha (152 sq km).

• Area wise top Three States having largest Forest and Tree Cover are Madhya Pradesh (85,724 sq km) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (67,083 sq km) and Maharashtra (65,383 sq km).

• Area wise Top Three States having largest Forest Cover are Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq km) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq km) and Chhattisgarh (55,812 sq km).

• In terms of Percentage of Forest Cover with respect to total geographical area, Lakshadweep (91.33 percent) has the highest forest cover followed by Mizoram (85.34 percent) and Andaman & Nicobar Island (81.62 percent).

• Mangrove Cover :- 4992 km²
• Bamboo Bearing Area :- 1,54,670 km² (An increase of 5,227 km² in bamboo area from previous assessment)

• Carbon Stock in Forests :- 7,285.5 million tonnes (An increase of 81.5 million tonnes in carbon stock from previous assessment)

India's Progress on NDC Carbon Sequestration Target

• India's carbon stock has reached 30.43 billion tonnes of CO² equivalent.

• India has reached 2.29 billion tonnes of additional carbon sink as against the target of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes by 2030 compared to the base year of 2005.

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COMPLETE MATHS CRASH COURSE

• Arithmetic (180 Questions) - Click Here

• Advance (260 Questions) - Click Here

• Paid Batch - Click Here

71st National Film Award For the Year 2023

• Best Feature Film - 12th Fail

• Best Non-Feature Film - Flowering Man

• Best Direction - The Kerala Story directed by Sudipto Sen

• Best Children's Film - Naal 2

• Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani

• Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social, and Environmental Values - Sam Bahadur

• Best Film in AVGC (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming & Comic) - Hanu-Man

• Best Hindi Film - Kathal : A Jackfruit Mystery

• Best Actor in a Leading Role - Shah Rukh Khan (Jawan) & Vikrant Massey (12th Fail)

• Best Actress in a Leading Role - Rani Mukerji (Mrs. Chatterjee V/s Norway)

• Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2023 - Mohanlal

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CRITICAL REASONING

• Statement Argument
• Statement Assumption
• Statement Conclusion
• Statement Course of Action
• Statement Cause & Effect
• Statement Inference
• Data Sufficiency

Video Link :- https://youtu.be/LBa1JmMelIA?si=huHa51nR39A8hb5s

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Important Days & Theme (June 2025)

1 June - World Milk Day
Theme 2025 - Let’s Celebrate The Power of Dairy

3 June -  International World Bicycle Day
Theme 2025 - Cycling for a Sustainable Future

5 June - World Environment Day
Theme 2025 - Putting an End to Plastic Pollution

7 June - World Food Safety Day
Theme 2025 - Food Safety : Science in Action

14 June - World Blood Donor Day
Theme 2025 - Give blood, give hope: together we save lives

17 June - World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
Theme 2025 - Restore the Land. Unlock the Opportunities

19 June - World Kidney Cancer Day
Theme 2025 - Show Your Kidneys Some Love

21 June - International Yoga Day
Theme 2025 - Yoga for One Earth, One Health

29 June - Statistics Day of India
Theme 2025 -  75 Years of National Sample Survey

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