⭕️The most common cause of epistaxis is the idiopathic cause.
⭕️The sphenopalatine artery is the most common site of bleeding.
⭕️Unilateral, severe epistaxis in an adolescent boy may indicate a juvenile angiofibroma.
⭕️The most common site of epistaxis is the anterior septum (Little's area).
⭕️Prolonged bleeding is associated with hypertension, anticoagulants, and NSAIDs.
⭕️The commonest cause of epistaxis in children is F.B and nasal picking, in adults is trauma or idiopathic, in middle age are tumors and in elderly is hypertension.
⭕️The sphenopalatine artery is the most common site of bleeding.
⭕️Unilateral, severe epistaxis in an adolescent boy may indicate a juvenile angiofibroma.
⭕️The most common site of epistaxis is the anterior septum (Little's area).
⭕️Prolonged bleeding is associated with hypertension, anticoagulants, and NSAIDs.
⭕️The commonest cause of epistaxis in children is F.B and nasal picking, in adults is trauma or idiopathic, in middle age are tumors and in elderly is hypertension.
⭕️The most common cause of common cold is the rhinovirus.
⭕️Primary atrophic rhinitis is commonly seen in females.
⭕️Vasomotor rhinitis is the most common form of chronic rhinitis.
⭕️If there is unilateral polyps are seen, fungal disease or neoplasm is suspected.
⭕️If there is a nasal polyp seen in a child, glioma and encephalocele must be excluded by CSF aspiration.
⭕️Nasal polyps are most commonly bilateral except antrochoncal polyp.
⭕️The treatment of choice of antrochoncal polyp is endoscopic sinus surgery.
⭕️Primary atrophic rhinitis is commonly seen in females.
⭕️Vasomotor rhinitis is the most common form of chronic rhinitis.
⭕️If there is unilateral polyps are seen, fungal disease or neoplasm is suspected.
⭕️If there is a nasal polyp seen in a child, glioma and encephalocele must be excluded by CSF aspiration.
⭕️Nasal polyps are most commonly bilateral except antrochoncal polyp.
⭕️The treatment of choice of antrochoncal polyp is endoscopic sinus surgery.
⭕️Squamous papilloma originates from the lower segment of the nasal septum or the nasal vestibule.
⭕️The most common area of inverted papilloma is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
⭕️The treatment of choice in inverted papilloma is medial maxillectomy.
⭕️The most common form of nasal cavity carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.
⭕️Tumors of the paranasal sinuses are more likely to be malignant than benign.
⭕️Fibrous dysplasia mostly originates from the maxillary sinus.
⭕️The most common form of paranasal sinuses carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.
⭕️The most common area of inverted papilloma is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
⭕️The treatment of choice in inverted papilloma is medial maxillectomy.
⭕️The most common form of nasal cavity carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.
⭕️Tumors of the paranasal sinuses are more likely to be malignant than benign.
⭕️Fibrous dysplasia mostly originates from the maxillary sinus.
⭕️The most common form of paranasal sinuses carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.
⭕️Choanal atresia due to the failure of the breakdown of the buccopharyngeal membrane during the 6th–8th week of embryonic life.
⭕️Bilateral choanal atresia is a life-threatening condition.
⭕️CT scan is the investigation of choice to diagnose choanal atresia.
⭕️Unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge indicates a nasal foreign body.
⭕️Any unilateral watery rhinorrhoea increased by leaning forward, CSF rhinorrhoea should be suspected.
⭕️Bilateral choanal atresia is a life-threatening condition.
⭕️CT scan is the investigation of choice to diagnose choanal atresia.
⭕️Unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge indicates a nasal foreign body.
⭕️Any unilateral watery rhinorrhoea increased by leaning forward, CSF rhinorrhoea should be suspected.
⭕️Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx cause sore throat.
⭕️80% of pharyngitis is due to a viral agent.
⭕️In the examination, pharyngeal mucosa is hyperemic in acute pharyngitis.
⭕️In acute pharyngitis, patients present with dysphagia and malaise.
⭕️Chronic pharyngitis patients present with persistent cough and sore throat.
⭕️In atrophic pharyngitis crust is seen in pharyngeal mucosa.
⭕️80% of pharyngitis is due to a viral agent.
⭕️In the examination, pharyngeal mucosa is hyperemic in acute pharyngitis.
⭕️In acute pharyngitis, patients present with dysphagia and malaise.
⭕️Chronic pharyngitis patients present with persistent cough and sore throat.
⭕️In atrophic pharyngitis crust is seen in pharyngeal mucosa.
⭕️Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of lymphoid tonsils and it is mainly seen in children.
⭕️Viral infections are the main causative agents for tonsillitis.
⭕️Chronic tonsillitis is inflammation of lymphoid tonsils due to repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis.
⭕️Quinsy is a complication of tonsillitis and defines as a collection of pus in peritonsillar space.
⭕️The patient presents with trismus, muffled "hot potato" voice with a deviation of the uvula to the contralateral side.
⭕️The adenoids are found in the nasopharynx.
⭕️Sleep apnea and respiratory disturbance are serious complications of adenoid hypertrophy.
⭕️Viral infections are the main causative agents for tonsillitis.
⭕️Chronic tonsillitis is inflammation of lymphoid tonsils due to repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis.
⭕️Quinsy is a complication of tonsillitis and defines as a collection of pus in peritonsillar space.
⭕️The patient presents with trismus, muffled "hot potato" voice with a deviation of the uvula to the contralateral side.
⭕️The adenoids are found in the nasopharynx.
⭕️Sleep apnea and respiratory disturbance are serious complications of adenoid hypertrophy.
⭕️Stridor is a noisy high pitched sound result from the flow of air through partially obstructed air.
⭕️Hoarseness of voice: suggest vocal cords involvement.
⭕️Rhinovirus is the most common cause of acute Laryngitis.
⭕️Croup patient presents with a "barky" cough, stridor and fever.
⭕️Epiglottitis is characterized by high-grade fever, severe sore throat, drooling of saliva and odynophagia.
⭕️Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in the neonate.
⭕️The most common foreign body inhaled by children is a peanut.
⭕️Hoarseness of voice: suggest vocal cords involvement.
⭕️Rhinovirus is the most common cause of acute Laryngitis.
⭕️Croup patient presents with a "barky" cough, stridor and fever.
⭕️Epiglottitis is characterized by high-grade fever, severe sore throat, drooling of saliva and odynophagia.
⭕️Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in the neonate.
⭕️The most common foreign body inhaled by children is a peanut.
⭕️The vagus nerve through its branches; superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) innervate the larynx.
⭕️Vocal cord polyps it is the most common benign tumor of vocal cords.
⭕️Vocal cord nodules are caused by vocal abuse.
⭕️Vocal cord nodules are seen usually in singers, children and school teachers.
⭕️90% of all vocal cord paralysis is due to peripheral causes and only 10% is due to central causes.
⭕️In unilateral vocal cord paralysis there will be a functioning cord while the other cord is paralyzed.
⭕️In bilateral vocal cord paralysis, vocal cords set in the midline.
⭕️Vocal cord polyps it is the most common benign tumor of vocal cords.
⭕️Vocal cord nodules are caused by vocal abuse.
⭕️Vocal cord nodules are seen usually in singers, children and school teachers.
⭕️90% of all vocal cord paralysis is due to peripheral causes and only 10% is due to central causes.
⭕️In unilateral vocal cord paralysis there will be a functioning cord while the other cord is paralyzed.
⭕️In bilateral vocal cord paralysis, vocal cords set in the midline.
⭕️Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most malignant tumor in the nasopharynx within the fossae of Rosenmüller.
⭕️Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
⭕️Early metastatic of NPC is to the cervical lymph nodes may cause a nontender neck mass.
⭕️NPC tumors invade adjacent structures and lead to nasal congestion, epistaxis, headache, cranial nerve palsies and serous otitis media.
⭕️Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
⭕️Early metastatic of NPC is to the cervical lymph nodes may cause a nontender neck mass.
⭕️NPC tumors invade adjacent structures and lead to nasal congestion, epistaxis, headache, cranial nerve palsies and serous otitis media.
⭕️Pharynx Extend from the skull base to the level of six cervical vertebrae.
⭕️Nasopharynx extends from the base of skull to C2 level of soft palate.
⭕️Fossa of Rosenmuller is commonest area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
⭕️Oropharynx extends from soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis (C4 level).
⭕️Hypopharynx extend from the tip of epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6).
⭕️Larynx extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae in adults while in children at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae.
⭕️Larynx cartilages are divided into single and paired cartilages.
⭕️Thyroid cartilage is largest cartilage.
⭕️Cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring.
⭕️Recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid.
⭕️Cricothyroid muscle innervate by external laryngeal nerve.
⭕️Nasopharynx extends from the base of skull to C2 level of soft palate.
⭕️Fossa of Rosenmuller is commonest area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
⭕️Oropharynx extends from soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis (C4 level).
⭕️Hypopharynx extend from the tip of epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6).
⭕️Larynx extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae in adults while in children at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae.
⭕️Larynx cartilages are divided into single and paired cartilages.
⭕️Thyroid cartilage is largest cartilage.
⭕️Cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring.
⭕️Recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid.
⭕️Cricothyroid muscle innervate by external laryngeal nerve.
⭕️Cancer of the larynx is the second most common location for head and neck malignancy.
⭕️Cancer of the larynx occurs in the 6th and 7th decades of life.
⭕️Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic type of laryngeal cancer.
⭕️Glottis is the most common site for laryngeal carcinoma.
⭕️Subglottic cancer is the rarest type of laryngeal cancer.
⭕️Cancer of the larynx occurs in the 6th and 7th decades of life.
⭕️Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic type of laryngeal cancer.
⭕️Glottis is the most common site for laryngeal carcinoma.
⭕️Subglottic cancer is the rarest type of laryngeal cancer.
Precise ENT
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⭕️Case of Torus palatinus:is a harmless and painless bony growth located on the roof of the mouth (the hard palate).
⭕️The mass appears in the middle of the hard palate and can vary in size and shape.
⭕️About 20 to 30 percent of the population has torus palatinus.
⭕️It occurs most frequently in women and those of Asian descent.
⭕️The mass appears in the middle of the hard palate and can vary in size and shape.
⭕️About 20 to 30 percent of the population has torus palatinus.
⭕️It occurs most frequently in women and those of Asian descent.