⭕️External ear tumors.
oSquamous cell carcinoma is seen in the upper part of the pinna.
oBasal cell carcinoma is nodular or ulcerated lesion seen in the tragus and helix. 
oExostosis is abnormal bony overgrowth in the EAC.
oExostosis is the most common benign tumor of the external auditory meatus.

⭕️Middle ear tumors.
oThe most common benign middle ear tumor is glomus tumor.
oGlomus tumor characterize by pulsatile tinnitus.
oRising sun appearance and pulsation sign (Brown sign) are classical features of glomus tumor.
oThe most common form of middle ear carcinoma is squamous cell type.

⭕️Inner ear tumors.
oAcoustic neuroma is usually unilateral and seen to become bilateral in multiple neurofibromatoses.

⭕️Vertigo is sense of rotation either rotation of objects or the patient himself.

⭕️Vertigo may be peripheral (inner ear) or central (brainstem-cerebellum).

⭕️Ménière’s disease is increasing of volume and pressure of endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops).
✔️characterized by triad: tinnitus , episodic vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss.

⭕️Labyrinthitis is acute infection of the inner may be serous (viral) or purulent (bacterial).

⭕️Hearing loss may be conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss or mixed.

⭕️Otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss in children.

⭕️Presbyacusis is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss.

⭕️Tuning fork tests indicate the type of hearing loss.

⭕️Otoacoustic emissions is objective test of hearing used in newborn screening.

⭕️Auditory Brainstem Response : measures neuroelectric potentials (waves) in response to a stimulus.

Radical mastoidectomy 😍🌟🌟
Real patient and 3D animation

⭕️The external nose is pyramidal in shape and consists of the bony part that forms one-third of the external nose and cartilaginous part that form the other two thirds.

⭕️There are four turbinates or conchae and the spaces under turbinates called meatuses.

⭕️Anterior ethmoid, frontal and maxillary sinuses drain in the middle turbinate.

⭕️Posterior ethmoid sinus drain in the superior meatus and sphenoid sinus drain in the sphenoethmoid recess.

⭕️Nasolacrimal duct drain in the inferior meatus.

⭕️The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two parts.

⭕️Deviated nasal septum can cause difficulty in breathing.

⭕️Types of the deviated nasal septum are anterior dislocation, S-shaped, C-shaped, spur and increase the thickness of the nasal septum.

⭕️Severe DNS treated by submucous resection operation (SMR).

⭕️The most common cause of septal perforation is trauma.

⭕️Leprosy leads to perforation in the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum, while syphilis leads to perforation in the bony part.

⭕️A septal hematoma usually caused by trauma and the patient complain of bilateral nasal obstruction.

⭕️The most common cause of epistaxis is the idiopathic cause.

⭕️The sphenopalatine artery is the most common site of bleeding.

⭕️Unilateral, severe epistaxis in an adolescent boy may indicate a juvenile angiofibroma.

⭕️The most common site of epistaxis is the anterior septum (Little's area).

⭕️Prolonged bleeding is associated with hypertension, anticoagulants, and NSAIDs.

⭕️The commonest cause of epistaxis in children is F.B and nasal picking, in adults is trauma or idiopathic, in middle age are tumors and in elderly is hypertension.

⭕️The most common cause of common cold is the rhinovirus.

⭕️Primary atrophic rhinitis is commonly seen in females.

⭕️Vasomotor rhinitis is the most common form of chronic rhinitis.

⭕️If there is unilateral polyps are seen, fungal disease or neoplasm is suspected.

⭕️If there is a nasal polyp seen in a child, glioma and encephalocele must be excluded by CSF aspiration.

⭕️Nasal polyps are most commonly bilateral except antrochoncal polyp.

⭕️The treatment of choice of antrochoncal polyp is endoscopic sinus surgery.

⭕️Squamous papilloma originates from the lower segment of the nasal septum or the nasal vestibule.

⭕️The most common area of inverted papilloma is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

⭕️The treatment of choice in inverted papilloma is medial maxillectomy.

⭕️The most common form of nasal cavity carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.

⭕️Tumors of the paranasal sinuses are more likely to be malignant than benign.

⭕️Fibrous dysplasia mostly originates from the maxillary sinus.

⭕️The most common form of paranasal sinuses carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma.

⭕️Choanal atresia due to the failure of the breakdown of the buccopharyngeal membrane during the 6th–8th week of embryonic life.

⭕️Bilateral choanal atresia is a life-threatening condition.

⭕️CT scan is the investigation of choice to diagnose choanal atresia.

⭕️Unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge indicates a nasal foreign body.

⭕️Any unilateral watery rhinorrhoea increased by leaning forward, CSF rhinorrhoea should be suspected.

⭕️Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx cause sore throat.

⭕️80% of pharyngitis is due to a viral agent.

⭕️In the examination, pharyngeal mucosa is hyperemic in acute pharyngitis.

⭕️In acute pharyngitis, patients present with dysphagia and malaise.

⭕️Chronic pharyngitis patients present with persistent cough and sore throat.

⭕️In atrophic pharyngitis crust is seen in pharyngeal mucosa.
 

⭕️Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of lymphoid tonsils and it is mainly seen in children.

⭕️Viral infections are the main causative agents for tonsillitis.

⭕️Chronic tonsillitis is inflammation of lymphoid tonsils due to repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis.

⭕️Quinsy is a complication of tonsillitis and defines as a collection of pus in peritonsillar space.
⭕️The patient presents with trismus, muffled "hot potato" voice with a deviation of the uvula to the contralateral side. 

⭕️The adenoids are found in the nasopharynx.

⭕️Sleep apnea and respiratory disturbance are serious complications of adenoid hypertrophy.

⭕️Stridor is a noisy high pitched sound result from the flow of air through partially obstructed air.

⭕️Hoarseness of voice: suggest vocal cords involvement.

⭕️Rhinovirus is the most common cause of acute Laryngitis.

⭕️Croup patient presents with a "barky" cough, stridor and fever.

⭕️Epiglottitis is characterized by high-grade fever, severe sore throat, drooling of saliva and odynophagia.

⭕️Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in the neonate.

⭕️The most common foreign body inhaled by children is a peanut.
 

⭕️The vagus nerve through its branches; superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) innervate the larynx.

⭕️Vocal cord polyps it is the most common benign tumor of vocal cords.

⭕️Vocal cord nodules are caused by vocal abuse.

⭕️Vocal cord nodules are seen usually in singers, children and school teachers.

⭕️90% of all vocal cord paralysis is due to peripheral causes and only 10% is due to central causes.

⭕️In unilateral vocal cord paralysis there will be a functioning cord while the other cord is paralyzed.

⭕️In bilateral vocal cord paralysis, vocal cords set in the midline.

⭕️Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most malignant tumor in the nasopharynx within the fossae of Rosenmüller.

⭕️Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.

⭕️Early metastatic of NPC is to the cervical lymph nodes may cause a nontender neck mass.

⭕️NPC tumors invade adjacent structures and lead to nasal congestion, epistaxis, headache, cranial nerve palsies and serous otitis media.

⭕️Pharynx Extend from the skull base to the level of six cervical vertebrae.

⭕️Nasopharynx extends from the base of skull to C2 level of soft palate.

⭕️Fossa of Rosenmuller is commonest area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

⭕️Oropharynx extends from soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis (C4 level).

⭕️Hypopharynx extend from the tip of epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6).

⭕️Larynx extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae in adults while in children at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae.

⭕️Larynx cartilages are divided into single and paired cartilages.

⭕️Thyroid cartilage is largest cartilage.

⭕️Cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring.

⭕️Recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid.

⭕️Cricothyroid muscle innervate by external laryngeal nerve.

⭕️Cancer of the larynx is the second most common location for head and neck malignancy.

⭕️Cancer of the larynx occurs in the 6th and 7th decades of life.

⭕️Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic type of laryngeal cancer.

⭕️Glottis is the most common site for laryngeal carcinoma.

⭕️Subglottic cancer is the rarest type of laryngeal cancer.

⭕️Case of otomycosis.

⭕️Case of tympanic membrane perforation due to CSOM.