✏️HOT PURSUIT
♦️It is a legal doctrine mostly associated with maritime law. Nowadays, it is used to cover activities on land where one state may reserve the right to pursue an offender outside its own territorial limits in national interest.
♦️ In hot pursuit, the authorised agents of a state begin the action in the jurisdiction of the violated party and engage in the operation till the offender is broken off.
♦️It is a legal doctrine mostly associated with maritime law. Nowadays, it is used to cover activities on land where one state may reserve the right to pursue an offender outside its own territorial limits in national interest.
♦️ In hot pursuit, the authorised agents of a state begin the action in the jurisdiction of the violated party and engage in the operation till the offender is broken off.
✏️ IMMIGRATION
♦️It involves the movement of people from (one place to the other) from one state to another state in search of better employment and living conditions.
♦️It is different from a refugee wave. In immigration, the immigrant moves voluntarily rather than having been forced or evicted due to political or natural circumstances, which is the case with a refugee.
♦️ In some countries, the immigrants do pose a cultural threat to the receiving state due to differences in their ideologies and beliefs.
♦️Immigrants do play an important economic role in a society as they send remittances back to their home state.
♦️It involves the movement of people from (one place to the other) from one state to another state in search of better employment and living conditions.
♦️It is different from a refugee wave. In immigration, the immigrant moves voluntarily rather than having been forced or evicted due to political or natural circumstances, which is the case with a refugee.
♦️ In some countries, the immigrants do pose a cultural threat to the receiving state due to differences in their ideologies and beliefs.
♦️Immigrants do play an important economic role in a society as they send remittances back to their home state.
✏️ REVOLUTION
♦️A revolution means a sudden change in the system of governance of a state through violence. A revolution also signifies a change in the value system of the state.
♦️For the Marxist and Leninists, a revolution involves a socio-economic change in the society.
♦️Scholars like Edward Hallett Carr and Martin Wight feel that revolutions often cause instability and thus are not conducive to maintain order in the system.
♦️A revolution means a sudden change in the system of governance of a state through violence. A revolution also signifies a change in the value system of the state.
♦️For the Marxist and Leninists, a revolution involves a socio-economic change in the society.
♦️Scholars like Edward Hallett Carr and Martin Wight feel that revolutions often cause instability and thus are not conducive to maintain order in the system.
✏️ PARADIPLOMACY
♦️In 1990, an American scholar named John Kincaid proposed the concept of paradiplomacy. If we try to define paradiplomacy in the Indian context, then it is a concept where we analyse and study the role played by a local government or a state government to enhance diplomatic ties with countries in the neighborhood.
♦️Paradiplomacy can allow a state to promote trade, culture, flow of economic ideas, and even outsource business and so on. In the recent times, paradiplomacy has been activated by India between India’s north eastern states and Bangladesh when Sheikh Hasina visited India in
2017.
♦️In 1990, an American scholar named John Kincaid proposed the concept of paradiplomacy. If we try to define paradiplomacy in the Indian context, then it is a concept where we analyse and study the role played by a local government or a state government to enhance diplomatic ties with countries in the neighborhood.
♦️Paradiplomacy can allow a state to promote trade, culture, flow of economic ideas, and even outsource business and so on. In the recent times, paradiplomacy has been activated by India between India’s north eastern states and Bangladesh when Sheikh Hasina visited India in
2017.
🖍️SPHERE OF INFLUENCE :
♦️It refers to a situation where an outside state exercises particular economic or military exclusiveness over another region.
♦️ In the context of a sphere of
influence, there is no sovereign control over the other territory.
♦️When one state exercisesits sphere of influence over another state, it restricts the rights of the other power to exercise influence and also imposes limitations on the autonomy of states on which influence is exercised.
♦️It refers to a situation where an outside state exercises particular economic or military exclusiveness over another region.
♦️ In the context of a sphere of
influence, there is no sovereign control over the other territory.
♦️When one state exercisesits sphere of influence over another state, it restricts the rights of the other power to exercise influence and also imposes limitations on the autonomy of states on which influence is exercised.
🖍️TREATY AND CONVENTION
♦️A treaty is a written agreement which is signed by countries or international organisations, making it obligatory for the signatory parties to accept certain rules that have been consensually agreed upon in the contract.
♦️On signature of the treaty,the signatory parties agree to follow the written obligations while agreeing to accept liabilities on failure to follow said obligations.
♦️The treaties are governed through the Vienna Convention (1969), which is also called the laws of treaties or the treaty of treaties.
♦️A treaty is a written agreement which is signed by countries or international organisations, making it obligatory for the signatory parties to accept certain rules that have been consensually agreed upon in the contract.
♦️On signature of the treaty,the signatory parties agree to follow the written obligations while agreeing to accept liabilities on failure to follow said obligations.
♦️The treaties are governed through the Vienna Convention (1969), which is also called the laws of treaties or the treaty of treaties.
🖍️ASIA PACIFIC AND INDO PACIFIC
♦️The term Asia Pacific encompasses Oceania, North -East -Asia and South-East -Asia.
♦️Asia-Pacific is not a security term but an economic concept used to describe the emerging market economies of South-East and East-Asia.
♦️On the other hand, Indo -Pacific is an evolving concept capturing the region from East-Africa to Western Pacific and is strategic-cum-economic conception with special focus on sea lanes of communication.
♦️The term Asia Pacific encompasses Oceania, North -East -Asia and South-East -Asia.
♦️Asia-Pacific is not a security term but an economic concept used to describe the emerging market economies of South-East and East-Asia.
♦️On the other hand, Indo -Pacific is an evolving concept capturing the region from East-Africa to Western Pacific and is strategic-cum-economic conception with special focus on sea lanes of communication.
🖍️THE 123 AGREEMENT :
♦️It refers to the section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act, 1954 under which the US undertakes nuclear commerce with various countries.
♦️The US used this section to enter into agreements with various countries pertaining to nuclear cooperation. In 1963, India and the US had signed the 123 agreement for Tarapur Atomic Power Station.
♦️The US, after passing the Hyde Act in 2006, signed a 123 agreement with India in July 2007, thereby making an exception by allowing the US to permit nuclear commerce with India despite India being a non-signatory to the NPT.
♦️After the NSG specific waiver (explained in detail in the chapter of India-US relationship in the later part of the book), the 123 agreement was approved by both the houses of the US congress,thereby enabling the ‘US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-Proliferation Enhancement Act.’
♦️It refers to the section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act, 1954 under which the US undertakes nuclear commerce with various countries.
♦️The US used this section to enter into agreements with various countries pertaining to nuclear cooperation. In 1963, India and the US had signed the 123 agreement for Tarapur Atomic Power Station.
♦️The US, after passing the Hyde Act in 2006, signed a 123 agreement with India in July 2007, thereby making an exception by allowing the US to permit nuclear commerce with India despite India being a non-signatory to the NPT.
♦️After the NSG specific waiver (explained in detail in the chapter of India-US relationship in the later part of the book), the 123 agreement was approved by both the houses of the US congress,thereby enabling the ‘US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-Proliferation Enhancement Act.’
🖍️ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL
♦️Additional protocols are basically safeguard agreements. After it was revealed that Iraq had violated the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, a need was felt to have extra safeguards.
♦️Under the old IAEA safeguards, all NPT signatories would specify their nuclear sites and IAEA would carry out inspections in the specified sites.
♦️Thus, IAEA, under the old safeguards, could only carry out inspection for unauthorised activities only at designated or specified sites declared by a country.
♦️This basically left an option open for states to carry out covert nuclear programmes
♦️Additional protocols are basically safeguard agreements. After it was revealed that Iraq had violated the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, a need was felt to have extra safeguards.
♦️Under the old IAEA safeguards, all NPT signatories would specify their nuclear sites and IAEA would carry out inspections in the specified sites.
♦️Thus, IAEA, under the old safeguards, could only carry out inspection for unauthorised activities only at designated or specified sites declared by a country.
♦️This basically left an option open for states to carry out covert nuclear programmes
🖍️ ATOMIC ENERGY ACT , 1962 :
♦️It was in 1948 that India passed its first atomic legislation to establish a framework to manage the Indian nuclear sector.
♦️The Atomic Energy Act 1948, modelled on the British Atomic Energy Act, established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) as the main regulatory body.
♦️In 1962, the Atomic Energy Act 1948 was superseded with a new Atomic Energy Act of 1962. Both the legislations have only centralised the Indian State Control over nuclear related activities.
♦️It was in 1948 that India passed its first atomic legislation to establish a framework to manage the Indian nuclear sector.
♦️The Atomic Energy Act 1948, modelled on the British Atomic Energy Act, established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) as the main regulatory body.
♦️In 1962, the Atomic Energy Act 1948 was superseded with a new Atomic Energy Act of 1962. Both the legislations have only centralised the Indian State Control over nuclear related activities.
🖍️ATOMS FOR PEACE:
♦️It was a programme which had its origin in the speech of US President Dwight Eisenhower at the UN General Assembly in 1953.
♦️In the speech, Eisenhower not only highlighted the dangers of nuclear weapons but also proposed peaceful use of nuclear technology.
♦️During the Cold War, the US began to use the programme to win allies in the global order. The US declassified nuclear documents and began to transfer nuclear technology to other states for peaceful use.
♦️India, Pakistan and Iran took advantage of the declassified knowledge to build up peaceful nuclear programmes.
♦️It was a programme which had its origin in the speech of US President Dwight Eisenhower at the UN General Assembly in 1953.
♦️In the speech, Eisenhower not only highlighted the dangers of nuclear weapons but also proposed peaceful use of nuclear technology.
♦️During the Cold War, the US began to use the programme to win allies in the global order. The US declassified nuclear documents and began to transfer nuclear technology to other states for peaceful use.
♦️India, Pakistan and Iran took advantage of the declassified knowledge to build up peaceful nuclear programmes.
🖍️CIVIL NUCLEAR LIABILITY ACT :
♦️The Indian Parliament, in August 2010, passed the Civilian Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA).
♦️The legislation is important because India,after the signing of the Indo-US nuclear deal, would have to buy nuclear technologies from various countries.
♦️The law manages the liabilities of suppliers. Now, the Indian version of the CLNDA is perceived by many stakeholders as unworkable due to significant ambiguities in the legislation.
♦️For example, there is ambiguity about calculation of potential liability of a supplier.
♦️The Indian Parliament, in August 2010, passed the Civilian Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA).
♦️The legislation is important because India,after the signing of the Indo-US nuclear deal, would have to buy nuclear technologies from various countries.
♦️The law manages the liabilities of suppliers. Now, the Indian version of the CLNDA is perceived by many stakeholders as unworkable due to significant ambiguities in the legislation.
♦️For example, there is ambiguity about calculation of potential liability of a supplier.
🖍️COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY :
♦️ The first ever version of CTBT was proposed by Nehru in 1954 to ban atmospheric nuclear testing.
♦️It was later in 1993 that the Conference on Disarmament began to negotiate a CTBT. A text of the CTBT was finally prepared in 1996.
♦️The treaty decided to ban all forms of nuclear testing worldwide. The treaty till date has not come into force.
♦️As we shall see later in the chapter detailing India’s Nuclear Policy, India due to various reasons, has refused to sign the treaty. As India refused to sign the treaty, the treaty itself could not be enforced as it was based on consensus of all parties in the Conference on Disarmament (CD).
♦️ The first ever version of CTBT was proposed by Nehru in 1954 to ban atmospheric nuclear testing.
♦️It was later in 1993 that the Conference on Disarmament began to negotiate a CTBT. A text of the CTBT was finally prepared in 1996.
♦️The treaty decided to ban all forms of nuclear testing worldwide. The treaty till date has not come into force.
♦️As we shall see later in the chapter detailing India’s Nuclear Policy, India due to various reasons, has refused to sign the treaty. As India refused to sign the treaty, the treaty itself could not be enforced as it was based on consensus of all parties in the Conference on Disarmament (CD).
📍HOW DID THE STATE EVOLVE?
💡The ‘State’ is a creation of man and not a creation of mother earth or nature, which makes it a man-made ‘construct’. Man was initially a hunter-gatherer. He was leading a nomadic life.
💡Over a period of time, as man developed techniques of agriculture and learned domestication of animals, he decided to do away with his nomadic life in favour of a settled life.
💡As he settled in an area, the population in that patch of land began to grow.
💡The ‘State’ is a creation of man and not a creation of mother earth or nature, which makes it a man-made ‘construct’. Man was initially a hunter-gatherer. He was leading a nomadic life.
💡Over a period of time, as man developed techniques of agriculture and learned domestication of animals, he decided to do away with his nomadic life in favour of a settled life.
💡As he settled in an area, the population in that patch of land began to grow.
🖍️FISSILE MATERIAL CUT OFF TREATY ( FMCT )
♦️FMCT is a treaty being proposed to prohibit production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium.
♦️Regarding the scope of verification procedure, there is unanimity that the procedure should be strong, effective and also politically acceptable.
♦️Many countries have advocated that the procedure should not be the same as prescribed under NPT. Some sections in the Indian establishment are of the view that FMCT should have mechanisms whereby all states comply with all obligations.
♦️India’s ambassador at the CD has reiterated that India would only favour a treaty if it intends to ban future production of fissile material only.
♦️FMCT is a treaty being proposed to prohibit production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium.
♦️Regarding the scope of verification procedure, there is unanimity that the procedure should be strong, effective and also politically acceptable.
♦️Many countries have advocated that the procedure should not be the same as prescribed under NPT. Some sections in the Indian establishment are of the view that FMCT should have mechanisms whereby all states comply with all obligations.
♦️India’s ambassador at the CD has reiterated that India would only favour a treaty if it intends to ban future production of fissile material only.
🖍️MISSILE TECHNOLOGY CONTROL REGIME ( MTCR)
♦️ To prevent the proliferation of unmanned delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons, an informal agreement has been established called as MTCR in 1987 by the US, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.
♦️As per the MTCR, it places a ban on the transfer of such missiles that can carry more than 500 kilogrammes or have a range beyond 300 kilometres.
♦️ In 1992, the MTCR expanded its mandate to add unmanned aerial vehicles.
♦️ To prevent the proliferation of unmanned delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons, an informal agreement has been established called as MTCR in 1987 by the US, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.
♦️As per the MTCR, it places a ban on the transfer of such missiles that can carry more than 500 kilogrammes or have a range beyond 300 kilometres.
♦️ In 1992, the MTCR expanded its mandate to add unmanned aerial vehicles.
✏️ DIFFERENT TRACKS OF DIPLOMACY
♦️ The word tracks in this context means channels used by international state order to undertake negotiations.
♦️ Track–I: This means official diplomacy where heads of the states and diplomats and other government officials interact and negotiate to resolve issues.
♦️ Track–II: This means use of non-official actors like NGOs, civil societies, business houses, media persons and even conflict resolution specialists negotiate to resolve issues.
♦️ Multi-track: Multi-track diplomacy is a term coined by Dr Louis Diamond who has identified nine different tracks of diplomacy. The word track is mentioned as (T) in the below diagram.
♦️ The word tracks in this context means channels used by international state order to undertake negotiations.
♦️ Track–I: This means official diplomacy where heads of the states and diplomats and other government officials interact and negotiate to resolve issues.
♦️ Track–II: This means use of non-official actors like NGOs, civil societies, business houses, media persons and even conflict resolution specialists negotiate to resolve issues.
♦️ Multi-track: Multi-track diplomacy is a term coined by Dr Louis Diamond who has identified nine different tracks of diplomacy. The word track is mentioned as (T) in the below diagram.
✏️THREE WORLD THEORY
♦️The First World refers to the club of rich nations and this term came into use during the War to signify the nations of the West led by the capitalist US.
♦️The Second World during the Cold War signified states economically and militarily stronger than the Third World and the countries led by USSR had this tag.
♦️A stereotypical term, Third World, was used to signify states which were decolonised after the World War II and were less industrialised and relatively poor states.
♦️Though the Third World
countries were mostly non-aligned countries, the tag was also associated with the communist state of Cuba.
♦️The First World refers to the club of rich nations and this term came into use during the War to signify the nations of the West led by the capitalist US.
♦️The Second World during the Cold War signified states economically and militarily stronger than the Third World and the countries led by USSR had this tag.
♦️A stereotypical term, Third World, was used to signify states which were decolonised after the World War II and were less industrialised and relatively poor states.
♦️Though the Third World
countries were mostly non-aligned countries, the tag was also associated with the communist state of Cuba.
✏️PING-PONG DIPLOMACY
🔶 In the initial years of the Cold War, the US perceived China as a threat because of the Chinese propensity to lean towards the Soviet. In Early 1970s, the US and China began to exchange table tennis players.
🔶These table tennis matches paved a way for the two to open up communication channels which ultimately culminated in Nixon’s visit to China.
🔶The ping pong refers to the table tennis opening up diplomatic channels of communication.
🔶 In the initial years of the Cold War, the US perceived China as a threat because of the Chinese propensity to lean towards the Soviet. In Early 1970s, the US and China began to exchange table tennis players.
🔶These table tennis matches paved a way for the two to open up communication channels which ultimately culminated in Nixon’s visit to China.
🔶The ping pong refers to the table tennis opening up diplomatic channels of communication.