📌ACTION - REACTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🔸This term is mostly used in conflict analyses and game theory. Lewis Fry Richardson, a scholar who theorized the arms race, explained the concept in the Richardson process.
🔸To easily understand this concept, we can take example of two states, A and B. Let’s say, for instance, that State B increases its military capability.
🔸Perceiving this as a threat, State A reacts by increasing own military expenditure.
🔸The reaction by State A is perceived by State B differently. State B feels that increased military expenditure by State A has reduced the margins of safety of State B, and thus State B responds to it, in turn, by increasing its own arms budget. Thus, an action leads to a reaction.
🔸This term is mostly used in conflict analyses and game theory. Lewis Fry Richardson, a scholar who theorized the arms race, explained the concept in the Richardson process.
🔸To easily understand this concept, we can take example of two states, A and B. Let’s say, for instance, that State B increases its military capability.
🔸Perceiving this as a threat, State A reacts by increasing own military expenditure.
🔸The reaction by State A is perceived by State B differently. State B feels that increased military expenditure by State A has reduced the margins of safety of State B, and thus State B responds to it, in turn, by increasing its own arms budget. Thus, an action leads to a reaction.
📌ACTOR: In international relations, any entity which plays an identifiable role or is a stakeholder is termed as an actor. It is a very broad term which is used to signify personalities, organizations, states, institutions, and so forth.
📌 ADJUDICATION: Adjudication is a process of using international law to settle international disputes by referring them to a court of law. The League of Nations, after the World War– I, established the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was succeeded by International Court of Justice in 1945.
📌 ADJUDICATION: Adjudication is a process of using international law to settle international disputes by referring them to a court of law. The League of Nations, after the World War– I, established the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was succeeded by International Court of Justice in 1945.
📌ADMINISTERED TERRITORY
🔸This concept was advocated by Jan Smuts and George Louis Beer under Article XXII of the covenant of the League of Nations to control and administer the colonial possessions of Germany in Africa, Pacific and Turkey in the Middle East.
🔸 It was a system that did not involve direct annexation and traditional imperialism. The ‘responsible’ states in ‘sacred trust’ of the League of Nations would provide guidance and support to powers incapable of self-governing themselves.
🔸The Permanent Mandates Commission established managed the entire process. Frederick Samuel North edge, in his book, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times (1986), says that the mandate system was the first ever experiment in the world with international control on dependent territories.
🔸This concept was advocated by Jan Smuts and George Louis Beer under Article XXII of the covenant of the League of Nations to control and administer the colonial possessions of Germany in Africa, Pacific and Turkey in the Middle East.
🔸 It was a system that did not involve direct annexation and traditional imperialism. The ‘responsible’ states in ‘sacred trust’ of the League of Nations would provide guidance and support to powers incapable of self-governing themselves.
🔸The Permanent Mandates Commission established managed the entire process. Frederick Samuel North edge, in his book, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times (1986), says that the mandate system was the first ever experiment in the world with international control on dependent territories.
📌 ALLIANCE
🔸When two or more actors formally sign an agreement to cooperate mutually in security related issues, it is called an alliance.
🔸Normally, alliances are defence pacts that operate during the situations of war.
🔸Alliances have been most visible during the period of Cold War, but in the post Cold War period today, as explained by Christensen and Snyder, strong alliances would be difficult to envisage given the multipolarity of global politics.
🔸When two or more actors formally sign an agreement to cooperate mutually in security related issues, it is called an alliance.
🔸Normally, alliances are defence pacts that operate during the situations of war.
🔸Alliances have been most visible during the period of Cold War, but in the post Cold War period today, as explained by Christensen and Snyder, strong alliances would be difficult to envisage given the multipolarity of global politics.
📌 ARMISTICE :
🔸It is an opportunity between two or more conflicting states to suspend hostilities and opt for a peaceful settlement.
🔸It is never unilateral but bilateral, and is a temporary declaration of peace, providing an opportunity to the conflicting states to terminate the state of war.
🔸It helps in maintaining a status quo. From 1949 to 1978, there was armistice between Arabs and Israel .
🔸It is an opportunity between two or more conflicting states to suspend hostilities and opt for a peaceful settlement.
🔸It is never unilateral but bilateral, and is a temporary declaration of peace, providing an opportunity to the conflicting states to terminate the state of war.
🔸It helps in maintaining a status quo. From 1949 to 1978, there was armistice between Arabs and Israel .
📌ASIAN TIGER
🔸It is a term applied to certain states in Asia that had experienced aggressive economic growth within a short span of time.
🔸These Asian economies have become a new standard for economic liberalism in the recent times.
🔸The five Asian Tigers are Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan . Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in this context are known as Tiger Cubs while Hong Kong and China are collectively also called Asian Dragons.
🔸It is a term applied to certain states in Asia that had experienced aggressive economic growth within a short span of time.
🔸These Asian economies have become a new standard for economic liberalism in the recent times.
🔸The five Asian Tigers are Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan . Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in this context are known as Tiger Cubs while Hong Kong and China are collectively also called Asian Dragons.
📌AUTONOMY:
🔸It is a term very frequently used in political discourse. The liberal meaning of autonomy is self-government. The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, marked the origin of the concept of the autonomy of states.
🔸It is stated that the beginning of the concept of autonomy also introduced the concept of anarchy amongst states in the international system.
🔸It is a term very frequently used in political discourse. The liberal meaning of autonomy is self-government. The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, marked the origin of the concept of the autonomy of states.
🔸It is stated that the beginning of the concept of autonomy also introduced the concept of anarchy amongst states in the international system.
📌ANARCHY
🔸The etymology of this term derives from a Greek word which implies ‘without a ruler.’ In day to day life, it is used as a term to signify chaos and lawlessness such as it happens when there exists a situation of no stable government or monarchy to maintain peace.
🔸Normally, the term, in political discourse, is used when there is some revolutionary upheaval or sociopolitical turbulence.
🔸In international relations, anarchy is used specifically to signify international politics where no state has any absolute control on the overall system.
🔸The etymology of this term derives from a Greek word which implies ‘without a ruler.’ In day to day life, it is used as a term to signify chaos and lawlessness such as it happens when there exists a situation of no stable government or monarchy to maintain peace.
🔸Normally, the term, in political discourse, is used when there is some revolutionary upheaval or sociopolitical turbulence.
🔸In international relations, anarchy is used specifically to signify international politics where no state has any absolute control on the overall system.
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📍BALKANIZATION :
🔸The term was used by diplomats in later nineteenth century period to delineate the policy of Russia towards the states of Balkan Peninsula .
🔸Balkan is a Turkish derivative for forested mountains. It is used as a term to describe fragmentation of a region into independent but mutually hostile power centers.
🔸This term was used on erstwhile Ottoman Empire States of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia.
🔸The term was used by diplomats in later nineteenth century period to delineate the policy of Russia towards the states of Balkan Peninsula .
🔸Balkan is a Turkish derivative for forested mountains. It is used as a term to describe fragmentation of a region into independent but mutually hostile power centers.
🔸This term was used on erstwhile Ottoman Empire States of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia.
📌BASES MEANING IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🔸 In the context of international relations, it is a term that signifies a point of military supply and troop concentration.
🔸Bases are strategically located and during the Cold War, both the US and the USSR established points of troop concentration in the territory of their allies.
🔸 In the context of international relations, it is a term that signifies a point of military supply and troop concentration.
🔸Bases are strategically located and during the Cold War, both the US and the USSR established points of troop concentration in the territory of their allies.
📌BALANCE OF POWER :
🔸 This term has developed no clear meaning due to multiple interpretations available.
🔸However, balance of power as a concept in international relations was used from the sixteenth century to early twentieth century, to describe an instrumentof policy to prevent power dominance.
🔸The European state system from 1815 to 1914 was an example of the use of BOP as an instrument to curb the quest for hegemonic ambitions.
🔸Hedley Bull asserted that BOP has prevented the formation of a universal empire through conquest
🔸 This term has developed no clear meaning due to multiple interpretations available.
🔸However, balance of power as a concept in international relations was used from the sixteenth century to early twentieth century, to describe an instrumentof policy to prevent power dominance.
🔸The European state system from 1815 to 1914 was an example of the use of BOP as an instrument to curb the quest for hegemonic ambitions.
🔸Hedley Bull asserted that BOP has prevented the formation of a universal empire through conquest
📌COLD WAR :
🔸The term was coined by HB Scope, who was an American journalist. Walter
Lipmann popularised the term, and stated that Cold War describes a situation where there is no war, yet no peace.
🔸It is a term that signified the global ideological tensions in the world created in the aftermath of the World War II by the US and the Soviet Union.
🔸The term was coined by HB Scope, who was an American journalist. Walter
Lipmann popularised the term, and stated that Cold War describes a situation where there is no war, yet no peace.
🔸It is a term that signified the global ideological tensions in the world created in the aftermath of the World War II by the US and the Soviet Union.
📌CIVIL WAR :
🔸A civil war is an internal state of violence within a nation where two or more factions fight to take over control of the political or legal apparatus of the state.
🔸There are three broad reasons as to why a civil war may happen. A civil war could happen to end colonialism; break away from a state and lastly, to achieve a reunion of separated states.
🔸In case of colonialism, there could be a civil war when some people in a colony favour an end to colonialism while a significant body intends to support colonial rule for the fear that the anticolonial insurgents could establish a political and an economic order that may affect those people.
🔸A civil war is an internal state of violence within a nation where two or more factions fight to take over control of the political or legal apparatus of the state.
🔸There are three broad reasons as to why a civil war may happen. A civil war could happen to end colonialism; break away from a state and lastly, to achieve a reunion of separated states.
🔸In case of colonialism, there could be a civil war when some people in a colony favour an end to colonialism while a significant body intends to support colonial rule for the fear that the anticolonial insurgents could establish a political and an economic order that may affect those people.
📌 COLONIALISM :
🔸Colonialism is a form of imperialism where one country tries to control the politics and economy of another country.
🔸A country is made into a colony by a mother country, whereby the territory that gets colonised becomes a subordinate and servile country. The period from fifteenth to nineteenth century saw Portugal, British, France,
Holland and Spain colonising the Americas, Asia and Africa.
🔸In the present context, neo-
colonialism is a term used to signify domination by developed countries of post colonial independent states. Similarly, internal colonialism as a term is used when a peripheral region is treated as a subordinate by an economically dominant segment of the state.
🔸Colonialism is a form of imperialism where one country tries to control the politics and economy of another country.
🔸A country is made into a colony by a mother country, whereby the territory that gets colonised becomes a subordinate and servile country. The period from fifteenth to nineteenth century saw Portugal, British, France,
Holland and Spain colonising the Americas, Asia and Africa.
🔸In the present context, neo-
colonialism is a term used to signify domination by developed countries of post colonial independent states. Similarly, internal colonialism as a term is used when a peripheral region is treated as a subordinate by an economically dominant segment of the state.
📌DETERRENCE :
🔸In a simplistic sense, deterrence means a situation where a person A may seek a certain behaviour from person B. If person B does not display the desired behaviour or tries to deviate from the desired behaviour, then person A can deter person B from behaving in an unacceptable manner by threatening person B with punishment.
🔸The basic idea of deterrence is to issue a threat to prevent any undesirable behaviour from another state.
🔸Deterrence is a special form of a power relationship where an imposer may make a threat upon a target whose behaviour the impostor wishes to oppose. Thus, deterrence is all about negative sanctions.
🔸In a simplistic sense, deterrence means a situation where a person A may seek a certain behaviour from person B. If person B does not display the desired behaviour or tries to deviate from the desired behaviour, then person A can deter person B from behaving in an unacceptable manner by threatening person B with punishment.
🔸The basic idea of deterrence is to issue a threat to prevent any undesirable behaviour from another state.
🔸Deterrence is a special form of a power relationship where an imposer may make a threat upon a target whose behaviour the impostor wishes to oppose. Thus, deterrence is all about negative sanctions.
📌 MEANING OF EXILE IN IR :
🔸A situation where a person or group of persons is banished from one place to another. Though it is mostly viewed as a punishment, it could be either self-imposed or enforced.
📌 MEANING OF Extradition IN IR:
🔸It is a legal term that signifies a situation or a process where one state hands over a fugitive to another state. To facilitate the transfer of persons, an extradition treaty is required. In the case of an absence of an extradition treaty, there is no duty upon a state under the international law to undertake extradition.
🔸A situation where a person or group of persons is banished from one place to another. Though it is mostly viewed as a punishment, it could be either self-imposed or enforced.
📌 MEANING OF Extradition IN IR:
🔸It is a legal term that signifies a situation or a process where one state hands over a fugitive to another state. To facilitate the transfer of persons, an extradition treaty is required. In the case of an absence of an extradition treaty, there is no duty upon a state under the international law to undertake extradition.
📌 FAILED NATIONS STATES:
🔸During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union extended aid and support to other states with an intention to contain each other.
🔸As the Cold War ended, the term called failed nation state began to emerge and it signifies those states that could not survive without an aid.
🔸During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union extended aid and support to other states with an intention to contain each other.
🔸As the Cold War ended, the term called failed nation state began to emerge and it signifies those states that could not survive without an aid.