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Fred Riggs - IGNOU Highlights Series - No. 24.pdf
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Public Administration
Forwarded from UPSC Civil Services Upsc Prelims Mains Exam Current Affairs GS Gk Tricks SSC CGL IAS IFS IPS EPFO PCS UPPCS MPPCS Bihar PCS
Strait of Malacca, waterway is connect which two water bodies?
Anonymous Quiz
51%
A: Andaman Sea to South China Sea
21%
B: Andaman Sea to Red Sea
18%
C: South China Sea to Black Sea
10%
D: None of these
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UKPSC Exam Calendar-2023-24 (Updated).pdf
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UKPSC (Updated) Exam Calendar-2023-24
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📍Important Words For International Relations
Please keep the meanings of the three
following terminologies in mind :
💡State – It is a political association that has a defined territory with a permanent population to be governed by a government which is sovereign.
💡 Sovereignty – It means a situation of an absence of an authority higher than the state. It means state has the freedom to take independent decisions in domestic and international affairs without being answerable to any authority above it.
💡 Security – It means a situation of an absence of any threat. Security at a micro level is called human security, at state level is called national security and at a global level is called international security.
Please keep the meanings of the three
following terminologies in mind :
💡State – It is a political association that has a defined territory with a permanent population to be governed by a government which is sovereign.
💡 Sovereignty – It means a situation of an absence of an authority higher than the state. It means state has the freedom to take independent decisions in domestic and international affairs without being answerable to any authority above it.
💡 Security – It means a situation of an absence of any threat. Security at a micro level is called human security, at state level is called national security and at a global level is called international security.
📍BASIC TERMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
💡Anti-ballistic Missile: It is a system with two components—namely a radar and an interceptor missile. An anti- ballistic missile protects or defends a designated target against an incoming missile from an enemy territory.
💡Accidental War: There are two meanings to this term. Firstly, it may be used to define a war that may have resulted from a technical malfunction or mishap. In this case, it is unintentional and not deliberate. Secondly, it may be caused due to perceptions misconstrued by a state where it fails to read a particular situation correctly and responds with violence.
💡Anti-ballistic Missile: It is a system with two components—namely a radar and an interceptor missile. An anti- ballistic missile protects or defends a designated target against an incoming missile from an enemy territory.
💡Accidental War: There are two meanings to this term. Firstly, it may be used to define a war that may have resulted from a technical malfunction or mishap. In this case, it is unintentional and not deliberate. Secondly, it may be caused due to perceptions misconstrued by a state where it fails to read a particular situation correctly and responds with violence.
📌ACTION - REACTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🔸This term is mostly used in conflict analyses and game theory. Lewis Fry Richardson, a scholar who theorized the arms race, explained the concept in the Richardson process.
🔸To easily understand this concept, we can take example of two states, A and B. Let’s say, for instance, that State B increases its military capability.
🔸Perceiving this as a threat, State A reacts by increasing own military expenditure.
🔸The reaction by State A is perceived by State B differently. State B feels that increased military expenditure by State A has reduced the margins of safety of State B, and thus State B responds to it, in turn, by increasing its own arms budget. Thus, an action leads to a reaction.
🔸This term is mostly used in conflict analyses and game theory. Lewis Fry Richardson, a scholar who theorized the arms race, explained the concept in the Richardson process.
🔸To easily understand this concept, we can take example of two states, A and B. Let’s say, for instance, that State B increases its military capability.
🔸Perceiving this as a threat, State A reacts by increasing own military expenditure.
🔸The reaction by State A is perceived by State B differently. State B feels that increased military expenditure by State A has reduced the margins of safety of State B, and thus State B responds to it, in turn, by increasing its own arms budget. Thus, an action leads to a reaction.
📌ACTOR: In international relations, any entity which plays an identifiable role or is a stakeholder is termed as an actor. It is a very broad term which is used to signify personalities, organizations, states, institutions, and so forth.
📌 ADJUDICATION: Adjudication is a process of using international law to settle international disputes by referring them to a court of law. The League of Nations, after the World War– I, established the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was succeeded by International Court of Justice in 1945.
📌 ADJUDICATION: Adjudication is a process of using international law to settle international disputes by referring them to a court of law. The League of Nations, after the World War– I, established the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was succeeded by International Court of Justice in 1945.
📌ADMINISTERED TERRITORY
🔸This concept was advocated by Jan Smuts and George Louis Beer under Article XXII of the covenant of the League of Nations to control and administer the colonial possessions of Germany in Africa, Pacific and Turkey in the Middle East.
🔸 It was a system that did not involve direct annexation and traditional imperialism. The ‘responsible’ states in ‘sacred trust’ of the League of Nations would provide guidance and support to powers incapable of self-governing themselves.
🔸The Permanent Mandates Commission established managed the entire process. Frederick Samuel North edge, in his book, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times (1986), says that the mandate system was the first ever experiment in the world with international control on dependent territories.
🔸This concept was advocated by Jan Smuts and George Louis Beer under Article XXII of the covenant of the League of Nations to control and administer the colonial possessions of Germany in Africa, Pacific and Turkey in the Middle East.
🔸 It was a system that did not involve direct annexation and traditional imperialism. The ‘responsible’ states in ‘sacred trust’ of the League of Nations would provide guidance and support to powers incapable of self-governing themselves.
🔸The Permanent Mandates Commission established managed the entire process. Frederick Samuel North edge, in his book, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times (1986), says that the mandate system was the first ever experiment in the world with international control on dependent territories.
📌 ALLIANCE
🔸When two or more actors formally sign an agreement to cooperate mutually in security related issues, it is called an alliance.
🔸Normally, alliances are defence pacts that operate during the situations of war.
🔸Alliances have been most visible during the period of Cold War, but in the post Cold War period today, as explained by Christensen and Snyder, strong alliances would be difficult to envisage given the multipolarity of global politics.
🔸When two or more actors formally sign an agreement to cooperate mutually in security related issues, it is called an alliance.
🔸Normally, alliances are defence pacts that operate during the situations of war.
🔸Alliances have been most visible during the period of Cold War, but in the post Cold War period today, as explained by Christensen and Snyder, strong alliances would be difficult to envisage given the multipolarity of global politics.
📌 ARMISTICE :
🔸It is an opportunity between two or more conflicting states to suspend hostilities and opt for a peaceful settlement.
🔸It is never unilateral but bilateral, and is a temporary declaration of peace, providing an opportunity to the conflicting states to terminate the state of war.
🔸It helps in maintaining a status quo. From 1949 to 1978, there was armistice between Arabs and Israel .
🔸It is an opportunity between two or more conflicting states to suspend hostilities and opt for a peaceful settlement.
🔸It is never unilateral but bilateral, and is a temporary declaration of peace, providing an opportunity to the conflicting states to terminate the state of war.
🔸It helps in maintaining a status quo. From 1949 to 1978, there was armistice between Arabs and Israel .
📌ASIAN TIGER
🔸It is a term applied to certain states in Asia that had experienced aggressive economic growth within a short span of time.
🔸These Asian economies have become a new standard for economic liberalism in the recent times.
🔸The five Asian Tigers are Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan . Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in this context are known as Tiger Cubs while Hong Kong and China are collectively also called Asian Dragons.
🔸It is a term applied to certain states in Asia that had experienced aggressive economic growth within a short span of time.
🔸These Asian economies have become a new standard for economic liberalism in the recent times.
🔸The five Asian Tigers are Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan . Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in this context are known as Tiger Cubs while Hong Kong and China are collectively also called Asian Dragons.