PSIR Optional Political Science and International Relation
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PSIR Notes for Civilservices & Other Competitive Exams 👇👇

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✍According to the Economic Survey 2025-26, Gross NPAs have fallen to 2.2% and Net NPAs to 0.5% of gross advances — the lowest in years, reflecting stronger bank asset quality.
✍16 Finance Commission --- Devolution Formula.
16th_FC_Report_Summary.pdf
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Report of the 16th Finance Commission for 2026-31

Report Summary PRS Legislative Research
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*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP*

♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.

♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.

♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.

♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.

♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .

♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.

♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.

♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.

♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.

♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
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english_notification.pdf
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IFoS Notification

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GC Leong Biomes Notes.pdf
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CSE 2012....998
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CSE 2014....1364
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CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
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CSE 2022.... 1011
CSE 2023..... 1105
CSE 2024..... 1056
CSE 2025.... 979
CSE 2026.... 933
Everything you need for UPSC. Finally in one place.

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Forwarded from UPSC Polity PSIR Notes
*🛡️A Secular State*

♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.

♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State:

♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.

♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship.

♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).

♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).

♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).