PSIR Optional Political Science and International Relation
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PSIR Notes for Civilservices & Other Competitive Exams 👇👇

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*🏔️ Highest Peaks of Indian States*

👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal”

Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)

Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand)

Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)

Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest)

*🌍 Countries bordering India*

👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China”

My ➨ Myanmar

Brother ➨ Bhutan

Never ➨ Nepal

Bangs ➨ Bangladesh

China ➨ China

(Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately)

*🛕 States where Sun Temple is located*

👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun”

Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha)

Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.)

Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat)

*🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities*

👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai

D ➨ Delhi

K ➨ Kolkata

C ➨ Chennai

M ➨ Mumbai

*🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames*

👉 Trick: “G-G-KM”

Ganga ➨ Holy River

Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South)

Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline

Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline

*🏛️ First in Indian Constitution*

👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink”

Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President)

Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister)

Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister

Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)
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*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights*

♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000

♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024

♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65%

♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women

♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124)

♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%)

♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%)

♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82%

♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions

♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%)

♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic

♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method

♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women

♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.
*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998
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Recent GI Tags In India (2026).pdf
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📂 GI Tag File Uploaded
Revise India’s GI tags at one place 🔍
Perfect for last-minute Prelims revision & Mains enrichment ✅

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*President*

🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.

🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.

🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.

🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.

🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.
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Forwarded from UPSC Polity PSIR Notes
*🛡️Sixth Schedule*

♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.

*💎Advantages*

♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds

*💎Issues*

♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.

♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.
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*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*

_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_

Key Highlights

🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.

💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.

📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.

🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.
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UPPSC Exam Calendar 2026
UPPSC Mains 2025 29 March

UPPSC Prelims 2026 6th December