Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Physical geography made simple!
We’ve attached GC Leong crisp notes along with relevant PYQs 🔥
✔️ Concept clarity
✔️ Direct UPSC linkage
✔️ Smart revision
📌 Read the summary → Solve the PYQ → Lock the concept 💯
Follow us for more such content
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Amendment By Simple Majority*
♟️A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. These provisions include:-
1. Admission or establishment of new states.
2. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states.
3. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.
4. Second Schedule–emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the Speakers, judges, etc.
5. Quorum in Parliament.
6. Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament.
7. Rules of procedure in Parliament.
8. Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees.
9. Use of English language in Parliament.
10. Number of puisne judges in the Supreme Court.
11. Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court.
12. Use of official language.
13. Citizenship–acquisition and termination.
14. Elections to Parliament and state legislatures.
15. Delimitation of constituencies.
16. Union territories.
17. Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
18. Sixth Schedule–administration of tribal areas.
♟️A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. These provisions include:-
1. Admission or establishment of new states.
2. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states.
3. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.
4. Second Schedule–emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the Speakers, judges, etc.
5. Quorum in Parliament.
6. Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament.
7. Rules of procedure in Parliament.
8. Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees.
9. Use of English language in Parliament.
10. Number of puisne judges in the Supreme Court.
11. Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court.
12. Use of official language.
13. Citizenship–acquisition and termination.
14. Elections to Parliament and state legislatures.
15. Delimitation of constituencies.
16. Union territories.
17. Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
18. Sixth Schedule–administration of tribal areas.
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*International Data Privacy Day 2026*
Strengthening Confidence in India’s Evolving Digital Ecosystem
*Key Highlights:*
💠 *International Data Privacy Day is observed on 28 January* to raise global awareness about the importance of protecting personal data in the digital age.
💠 India has built a strong, citizen-centric data protection framework through the *Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023,* supported by robust rules and institutional mechanisms.
💠 National systems like *CERT-In,* *I4C*, *Cyber Swachhta Kendra*, and *NCRP* strengthen cybersecurity, fraud prevention, and rapid response.
💠 Together, these measures reinforce trust, transparency, and accountability, ensuring that India’s digital transformation remains secure, inclusive, and future-ready.
Strengthening Confidence in India’s Evolving Digital Ecosystem
*Key Highlights:*
💠 *International Data Privacy Day is observed on 28 January* to raise global awareness about the importance of protecting personal data in the digital age.
💠 India has built a strong, citizen-centric data protection framework through the *Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023,* supported by robust rules and institutional mechanisms.
💠 National systems like *CERT-In,* *I4C*, *Cyber Swachhta Kendra*, and *NCRP* strengthen cybersecurity, fraud prevention, and rapid response.
💠 Together, these measures reinforce trust, transparency, and accountability, ensuring that India’s digital transformation remains secure, inclusive, and future-ready.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Sixth Schedule*
♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.
*💎Advantages*
♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds
*💎Issues*
♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.
♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.
♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.
*💎Advantages*
♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds
*💎Issues*
♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.
♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🏔️ Highest Peaks of Indian States*
👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal”
Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand)
Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)
Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest)
*🌍 Countries bordering India*
👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China”
My ➨ Myanmar
Brother ➨ Bhutan
Never ➨ Nepal
Bangs ➨ Bangladesh
China ➨ China
(Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately)
*🛕 States where Sun Temple is located*
👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun”
Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha)
Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.)
Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat)
*🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities*
👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
D ➨ Delhi
K ➨ Kolkata
C ➨ Chennai
M ➨ Mumbai
*🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames*
👉 Trick: “G-G-KM”
Ganga ➨ Holy River
Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South)
Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline
Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline
*🏛️ First in Indian Constitution*
👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink”
Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President)
Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister)
Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister
Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)
👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal”
Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand)
Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)
Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest)
*🌍 Countries bordering India*
👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China”
My ➨ Myanmar
Brother ➨ Bhutan
Never ➨ Nepal
Bangs ➨ Bangladesh
China ➨ China
(Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately)
*🛕 States where Sun Temple is located*
👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun”
Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha)
Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.)
Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat)
*🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities*
👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
D ➨ Delhi
K ➨ Kolkata
C ➨ Chennai
M ➨ Mumbai
*🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames*
👉 Trick: “G-G-KM”
Ganga ➨ Holy River
Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South)
Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline
Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline
*🏛️ First in Indian Constitution*
👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink”
Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President)
Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister)
Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister
Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights*
♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000
♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024
♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65%
♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women
♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124)
♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%)
♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%)
♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82%
♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions
♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%)
♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic
♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method
♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women
♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.
♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000
♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024
♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65%
♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women
♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124)
♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%)
♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%)
♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82%
♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions
♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%)
♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic
♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method
♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women
♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*
♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998
♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Recent GI Tags In India (2026).pdf
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*President*
🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.
🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.
🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.
🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.
🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.
🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.
🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.
🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Polity PSIR Notes
*🛡️Sixth Schedule*
♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.
*💎Advantages*
♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds
*💎Issues*
♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.
♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.
♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.
*💎Advantages*
♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds
*💎Issues*
♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.
♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.