Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Nobel Prize in Physics 2025
एक विद्युत परिपथ (electric circuit) में विशाल स्तर पर क्वांटम यांत्रिक टनलिंग (macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling) और ऊर्जा क्वांटीकरण (energy quantisation) की खोज के लिए।
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2025 #NobelPrize in Physics to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.
रॉयल स्वीडिश एकेडमी ऑफ साइंसेज ने 2025 का भौतिकी का नोबेल पुरस्कार जॉन क्लार्क, मिशेल एच. डेवरैट और जॉन एम. मार्टिनिस को देने का निर्णय लिया है एक विद्युत परिपथ (electric circuit) में विशाल स्तर पर क्वांटम यांत्रिक टनलिंग (macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling) और ऊर्जा क्वांटीकरण (energy quantisation) की खोज के लिए।
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025
The 2025 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Marie Brunko, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi for discoveries concerning immune tolerance.फिजियोलॉजी या मेडिसिन के लिए 2025 का नोबेल पुरस्कार मैरी ब्रंको, फ्रेड रैम्सडेल और शिमोन सकागुची को "इम्यून टॉलरेंस" से संबंधित खोजों के लिए प्रदान किया गया हैForwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
🛡️ *Swaran Singh Committee*
♟️In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
♟️The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
♟️It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
♟️The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
♟️This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
♟️Though Swaran Singh Committee suggested eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten Fundamental Duties.
♟️In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
♟️The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
♟️It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
♟️The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
♟️This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
♟️Though Swaran Singh Committee suggested eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten Fundamental Duties.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Happy Diwali everyone May the joy and light of this beautiful Festival brighten your life, today and always.
Happy Diwali to all of you 💐💐💐💐
Happy Diwali to all of you 💐💐💐💐
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP*
♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION*
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
Forwarded from UPSC Science and Technology Notes
🛡️ *GPS Spoofing*
♟️GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
♟️Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data.
♟️This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more.
💎 *How Does GPS Spoofing Work?*
♟️It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
♟️The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth.
♟️These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
♟️However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
♟️Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed.
♟️With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones.
♟️These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals.
♟️As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.
♟️GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
♟️Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data.
♟️This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more.
💎 *How Does GPS Spoofing Work?*
♟️It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
♟️The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth.
♟️These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
♟️However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
♟️Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed.
♟️With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones.
♟️These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals.
♟️As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.
Forwarded from UPSC Science and Technology Notes
*🛡️Moonlight Programme*
♟️Recently, the European Space Agency (ESA) at the International Astronautical Congress, launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) programme.
♟️The programme will have a constellation of about five lunar satellites (one for high data rate communications and four for navigation) that will allow accurate autonomous landings, high-speed communication, and surface mobility.
♟️It is Europe’s first-ever dedicated satellite constellation for telecommunication and navigation services for the Moon.
♟️These satellites will reportedly enable data transfer over 2,50,000 miles or 4,00,000 kilometres between the Earth and the Moon.
♟️The prime focus of the Moonlight programme will be to offer coverage at the Moon’s South Pole.
♟️The South Pole of the moon is a key area for many missions owing to lighting conditions and the potential presence of water ice within craters that perpetually remain in the shadows.
♟️As part of the programme, the first step will be the launch of Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology LTD, in 2026.
♟️The initial services of the programme will reportedly begin by the end of 2028, and the system is said to be fully operational by 2030.
♟️The ESA is working with NASA and the Japanese space Agency JAXA on LunaNet, which is essentially a framework to standardise communication and navigation for the Moon.
♟️Recently, the European Space Agency (ESA) at the International Astronautical Congress, launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) programme.
♟️The programme will have a constellation of about five lunar satellites (one for high data rate communications and four for navigation) that will allow accurate autonomous landings, high-speed communication, and surface mobility.
♟️It is Europe’s first-ever dedicated satellite constellation for telecommunication and navigation services for the Moon.
♟️These satellites will reportedly enable data transfer over 2,50,000 miles or 4,00,000 kilometres between the Earth and the Moon.
♟️The prime focus of the Moonlight programme will be to offer coverage at the Moon’s South Pole.
♟️The South Pole of the moon is a key area for many missions owing to lighting conditions and the potential presence of water ice within craters that perpetually remain in the shadows.
♟️As part of the programme, the first step will be the launch of Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology LTD, in 2026.
♟️The initial services of the programme will reportedly begin by the end of 2028, and the system is said to be fully operational by 2030.
♟️The ESA is working with NASA and the Japanese space Agency JAXA on LunaNet, which is essentially a framework to standardise communication and navigation for the Moon.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Universal Declaration of Human Rights [1948]*
♟️It was adopted in UNGA Paris, 10th Dec 1948
♟️It has 30 articles
♟️Article 1 - All human are born free and equal. Hansa mehta had made important contribution in this article, she changed it from “All men” to “All human”
♟️In general it talks about dignity, liberty, and equality, righ to life, abolishing slavery and torture , protection of individual, cultural and social rights.
♟️Articles 1–2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality.
♟️Articles 3–5 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the
♟️Prohibition of slavery and torture.
♟️Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights.
♟️Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community,
♟️Including freedom of movement.
♟️Articles 18–21 sanctioned "constitutional liberties", public, political freedoms,
♟️Such as freedom of thought, opinion, religion and conscience,word, and peaceful association of the individual.
♟️Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights,
♟️Including healthcare.
♟️Articles 28–30 established the general means of exercising these rights, the areas
♟️In which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual
♟️To society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes
♟️Of the United Nations Organization.
♟️It was adopted in UNGA Paris, 10th Dec 1948
♟️It has 30 articles
♟️Article 1 - All human are born free and equal. Hansa mehta had made important contribution in this article, she changed it from “All men” to “All human”
♟️In general it talks about dignity, liberty, and equality, righ to life, abolishing slavery and torture , protection of individual, cultural and social rights.
♟️Articles 1–2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality.
♟️Articles 3–5 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the
♟️Prohibition of slavery and torture.
♟️Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights.
♟️Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community,
♟️Including freedom of movement.
♟️Articles 18–21 sanctioned "constitutional liberties", public, political freedoms,
♟️Such as freedom of thought, opinion, religion and conscience,word, and peaceful association of the individual.
♟️Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights,
♟️Including healthcare.
♟️Articles 28–30 established the general means of exercising these rights, the areas
♟️In which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual
♟️To society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes
♟️Of the United Nations Organization.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
🛡️ *Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)*
♟️Every religious denomination or its sections has the freedom to manage its own affairs
♟️It can establish and maintain institutions for religions and charitable purposes
♟️It can own and acquire movable and immovable property
♟️It has the right to administer such property in accordance with laws
♟️ *Article 25* individual rights
♟️ *Article 26* Protects collective freedom of religion.
♟️ *Reasonable restrictions* public order, morality and health
♟️Every religious denomination or its sections has the freedom to manage its own affairs
♟️It can establish and maintain institutions for religions and charitable purposes
♟️It can own and acquire movable and immovable property
♟️It has the right to administer such property in accordance with laws
♟️ *Article 25* individual rights
♟️ *Article 26* Protects collective freedom of religion.
♟️ *Reasonable restrictions* public order, morality and health
Forwarded from UPSC Science and Technology Notes
*🛡️The Problem of Insecticide Resistance*
♟️Mosquitoes can develop resistance to insecticides through natural selection, where mutations that allow them to survive exposure to insecticides are passed on.
♟️These mutations can involve altering the mosquito's nerve cells (e.g., knockdown resistance), increasing detoxification enzymes, or other mechanisms that prevent the insecticide from being effective.
♟️Antimalarial Agents as a Solution:-
Antimalarial agents like ELQs target the malaria parasite itself, not the mosquito's nervous system or detoxification pathways. This means that even if mosquitoes are resistant to insecticides, the antimalarial agents can still effectively block the parasite's development and transmission.
♟️Mechanism of Action:-
ELQs, for example, interfere with specific enzymes or processes essential for parasite development within the mosquito's oocyst. They prevent the parasite from maturing to the infective stage (sporozoite), thus halting the transmission cycle.
♟️Mosquitoes can develop resistance to insecticides through natural selection, where mutations that allow them to survive exposure to insecticides are passed on.
♟️These mutations can involve altering the mosquito's nerve cells (e.g., knockdown resistance), increasing detoxification enzymes, or other mechanisms that prevent the insecticide from being effective.
♟️Antimalarial Agents as a Solution:-
Antimalarial agents like ELQs target the malaria parasite itself, not the mosquito's nervous system or detoxification pathways. This means that even if mosquitoes are resistant to insecticides, the antimalarial agents can still effectively block the parasite's development and transmission.
♟️Mechanism of Action:-
ELQs, for example, interfere with specific enzymes or processes essential for parasite development within the mosquito's oocyst. They prevent the parasite from maturing to the infective stage (sporozoite), thus halting the transmission cycle.
Forwarded from Civil Services Prelims
WR-CSME-2025-Engl-RollList-111125.pdf
293.2 KB
CSE Mains 2025 Result
WR-CSME-2025-Engl-NameList-111125-2.pdf
480.7 KB
Name wise CSE Mains Results 2025
Congratulations to all successful candidates.
💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐
Congratulations to all successful candidates.
💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🔥 Get the all Value Addition Content from NorthStar IAS in One Place!
For all newcomers, here are the key links 👇
📘 Ethics Toppers’ Diagrams
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👥 Contemporary themes in Indian Society Notes
🧾 GS2 Intros & Conclusions (Syllabus-wise from Toppers’ Copies)
🗺 Mapping Lecture Series –
🇮🇳 Mapping Lecture Series – India Mapping
For all newcomers, here are the key links 👇
📘 Ethics Toppers’ Diagrams
🏛 History + Art & Culture Mains Diagrams
🌍 Geography Mains Diagrams
👥 Contemporary themes in Indian Society Notes
🧾 GS2 Intros & Conclusions (Syllabus-wise from Toppers’ Copies)
🗺 Mapping Lecture Series –
🇮🇳 Mapping Lecture Series – India Mapping
Telegram
NorthStar IAS (Official)
Toppers’ Diagrams for Ethics - GS lV
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Batch is Starting from 5 December (Only 1000 Seats, since there is 1-1 Mentorship)
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What could be the MOST SORTED PRELIMS PLAN: Anything better than this ? - Almost Impossible!
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The Things which aspirants miss while preparing for Prelims has been strategically and scientifically placed - MONTH-WISE!
Batch is Starting from 5 December (Only 1000 Seats, since there is 1-1 Mentorship)
For details, Fill the form at: https://forms.gle/4iz9DzaMxfikUXoAA
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
LAUNCHING the GRAND PROGRAM to sort your Prelims Preparation | with Strictly 1000 SEATS | SAMBHAV 2026 What could be the MOST SORTED PRELIMS PLAN: Anything better than this ? - Almost Impossible! Really PROUD to share this SAMBHAV: with the Best Team: CLICK…
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Intv-CSM-25-Engl-021225.pdf
14.7 MB
1st Phase PT (Interview) SCHEDULE CSE 2025 (08-19 December)