A 27-year-old marathon runner presents for routine evaluation. He is asymptomatic. Urinalysis shows specific gravity 1.032, no protein, no blood, and numerous hyaline casts. Serum creatinine is normal. Most appropriate interpretation?

A 14-year-old presents with edema, hematuria, and proteinuria. Labs show persistently low C3 with normal C4. Kidney biopsy demonstrates ribbon-like dense deposits within the glomerular basement membrane. Which additional finding is most likely?

A 60-year-old man develops oliguria after an episode of hypovolemic shock. Labs show BUN-to-creatinine ratio < 20:1, urine sodium 35 mEq/L, and FeNa 3%. Urinalysis reveals muddy brown casts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Nephrotic syndrome may result in a ________________ state

A pregnant woman with Crohn disease asks which medication should be avoided. Which is contraindicated?

A 42-year-old woman presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back. Labs show elevated lipase and ALT of 420 U/L. She denies alcohol use. Most likely cause?

Four weeks after severe pancreatitis, a patient develops persistent abdominal pain. CT shows a well-defined fluid collection with a fibrous wall. Diagnosis?

A patient has classic epigastric pain and lipase 4× ULN. Next best step?

A patient develops transient organ failure that resolves within 24 hours. Classification?

An adult with nephrotic-range proteinuria develops sudden flank pain and hematuria. Imaging shows renal vein thrombosis. Underlying mechanism?

A 10-year-old boy develops cola-colored urine, periorbital edema, and hypertension 2 weeks after a sore throat. Urine shows RBC casts and mild proteinuria. Most likely process?

A 4-year-old with generalized edema and frothy urine has:
- Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
- Hypoalbuminemia - Hyperlipidemia - No hematuria Primary structural defect?

Why is it not recommended to give plain water to infants under 6 months?

A 6-month-old infant presents with vomiting, irritability, and a bulging anterior fontanelle. On exam, the eyes appear half-closed with the upper eyelids pulled down and the sclera visible above the iris. This is most consistent with:

A 6-year-old child presents with low-grade fever, mild conjunctivitis, and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Three days later, a pink maculopapular rash appears on the face and spreads downward to the trunk and extremities. The most likely diagnosis is?

A 5-year-old with fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis develops a maculopapular rash starting at the hairline and spreading downward, fading in the same order. What feature distinguishes it from rubella?

A 6-year-old presents with mild fever and malaise. Two days later, a bright red “slapped cheek” rash appears on the face, followed by a lacy, reticular rash on the trunk and extremities. What is the most likely diagnosis?