Which electrolyte abnormality is most typical in advanced CKD?

A CKD patient develops bone pain, low calcium, and high phosphate. Most likely mechanism?

Which finding indicates need for dialysis?

A diabetic CKD patient has persistent albuminuria but normal potassium and stable eGFR. Which therapy best slows progression?

A 62-year-old man with diabetes has eGFR 64, urine albumin-creatinine ratio 450 mg/g for 6 months, normal electrolytes, and no symptoms. What is the best classification?

A CKD patient has:
- pH 7.28
- HCO₃⁻ 15 mEq/L - K⁺ 5.9 mEq/L - Mild volume overload and Symptoms are minimal. Best next step?

A 55-year-old CKD patient develops normocytic anemia.
Labs: Low Hgb, Normal iron, B12, folate, Low reticulocyte count
Primary mechanism?

A 27-year-old marathon runner presents for routine evaluation. He is asymptomatic. Urinalysis shows specific gravity 1.032, no protein, no blood, and numerous hyaline casts. Serum creatinine is normal. Most appropriate interpretation?

A 14-year-old presents with edema, hematuria, and proteinuria. Labs show persistently low C3 with normal C4. Kidney biopsy demonstrates ribbon-like dense deposits within the glomerular basement membrane. Which additional finding is most likely?

A 60-year-old man develops oliguria after an episode of hypovolemic shock. Labs show BUN-to-creatinine ratio < 20:1, urine sodium 35 mEq/L, and FeNa 3%. Urinalysis reveals muddy brown casts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Nephrotic syndrome may result in a ________________ state

A pregnant woman with Crohn disease asks which medication should be avoided. Which is contraindicated?

A 42-year-old woman presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back. Labs show elevated lipase and ALT of 420 U/L. She denies alcohol use. Most likely cause?

Four weeks after severe pancreatitis, a patient develops persistent abdominal pain. CT shows a well-defined fluid collection with a fibrous wall. Diagnosis?