9/27
Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity (2022 Cell Metabolism)
The experimental results clearly demonstrate that calorie utilization does not vary with time of day, contrary to most existing studies
Changes in weight loss seen in previous studies from eating more breakfast may be behavioral, such as changes in appetite
Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity (2022 Cell Metabolism)
The experimental results clearly demonstrate that calorie utilization does not vary with time of day, contrary to most existing studies
Changes in weight loss seen in previous studies from eating more breakfast may be behavioral, such as changes in appetite
9/27
DNA replication timing directly regulates the frequency of oncogenic chromosomal translocations (Science 2022 IMP Rushad Pavri)
Chromosomal translocations, arising from inappropriate junctions that occur after DNA double-strand breaks, involving proto-oncogenes are a common feature of cancer
After chromosomal translocation of proto-oncogene, dysregulation of proto-oncogene expression leads to tumorigenesis
The study raises the idea that replication clusters of distinct chromosomes involved in two distinct functions, such as activation of DNA replication origins and DNA repair functions, could interact in a common hub, and that interchromosomal interactions could lead to genetic instability Abnormal reorganization, further leading to tumorigenesis
During antibody maturation in B cells, DNA replication timing (RT) directly regulates the occurrence of MYC-IGH gene translocation in lymphoma, and chromatin folding results in the spatial proximity of MYC and IGH, resulting in a replication center. Origins of replication are activated synchronously, facilitating this translocation. RT forms the basis between DNA double-strand break DSB formation and DSB junctions during chromosomal translocations
DNA replication timing directly regulates the frequency of oncogenic chromosomal translocations (Science 2022 IMP Rushad Pavri)
Chromosomal translocations, arising from inappropriate junctions that occur after DNA double-strand breaks, involving proto-oncogenes are a common feature of cancer
After chromosomal translocation of proto-oncogene, dysregulation of proto-oncogene expression leads to tumorigenesis
The study raises the idea that replication clusters of distinct chromosomes involved in two distinct functions, such as activation of DNA replication origins and DNA repair functions, could interact in a common hub, and that interchromosomal interactions could lead to genetic instability Abnormal reorganization, further leading to tumorigenesis
During antibody maturation in B cells, DNA replication timing (RT) directly regulates the occurrence of MYC-IGH gene translocation in lymphoma, and chromatin folding results in the spatial proximity of MYC and IGH, resulting in a replication center. Origins of replication are activated synchronously, facilitating this translocation. RT forms the basis between DNA double-strand break DSB formation and DSB junctions during chromosomal translocations
9/27
An intercellular transfer of telomeres rescues T cells from senescence and promotes long-term immunological memory (Nature Cell Biology 2022)
Telomeres are repeating sequences composed of TTAGGG that protect the ends of chromosomes and affect the lifespan of cells.
Telomeres shorten as cells divide, eventually leading to cell senescence.
Telomerase can help prolong the length of telomeres.
Although T cells can use telomerase to alleviate the shortening of telomeres caused by their rapid clonal expansion, the activation of telomerase is not enough to prevent the exhaustion of T cells, and ultimately still senescent T cells
Immune synapses are antigen-specific junctions formed between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes, which trigger immune protective responses and ultimately generate long-lived memory T cells.
Synaptic stimulation leads to telomerase activation in T cells, whereas repeated immune synaptic interactions lead to a gradual decline in T cell telomerase activation, manifesting as T cell senescence
The article found that after some T cells can lengthen their own telomeres by acquiring telomeres from extracellular vesicles secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), these T cells acquire telomeres and become long-lived centers similar to stem cells. Memory cells, which maintain long-term immune memory, while other T cells gradually senesce.
An intercellular transfer of telomeres rescues T cells from senescence and promotes long-term immunological memory (Nature Cell Biology 2022)
Telomeres are repeating sequences composed of TTAGGG that protect the ends of chromosomes and affect the lifespan of cells.
Telomeres shorten as cells divide, eventually leading to cell senescence.
Telomerase can help prolong the length of telomeres.
Although T cells can use telomerase to alleviate the shortening of telomeres caused by their rapid clonal expansion, the activation of telomerase is not enough to prevent the exhaustion of T cells, and ultimately still senescent T cells
Immune synapses are antigen-specific junctions formed between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes, which trigger immune protective responses and ultimately generate long-lived memory T cells.
Synaptic stimulation leads to telomerase activation in T cells, whereas repeated immune synaptic interactions lead to a gradual decline in T cell telomerase activation, manifesting as T cell senescence
The article found that after some T cells can lengthen their own telomeres by acquiring telomeres from extracellular vesicles secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), these T cells acquire telomeres and become long-lived centers similar to stem cells. Memory cells, which maintain long-term immune memory, while other T cells gradually senesce.
9/29
Microbiota imbalance induced by dietary sugar disrupts immune-mediated protection from metabolic syndrome (Cell Columbia 2022 Ivaylo I. Ivanov)
This study found that Th17-inducing bacteria can prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes by regulating lipid absorption in the small intestine
Sugar in dietary components leads to lower abundance of SFB and lower proportion of Th17 cells, but not fat content or fiber
Microbiota imbalance induced by dietary sugar disrupts immune-mediated protection from metabolic syndrome (Cell Columbia 2022 Ivaylo I. Ivanov)
This study found that Th17-inducing bacteria can prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes by regulating lipid absorption in the small intestine
Sugar in dietary components leads to lower abundance of SFB and lower proportion of Th17 cells, but not fat content or fiber
9/29
mTOR-regulated mitochondrial metabolism limits mycobacterium-induced cytotoxicity (Cell 2022 Lalita Ramakrishnan Cambridge)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) spreads through the air and enters the lungs of patients, forming granulomas containing immune cells such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages.
Using the zebrafish experimental system, the researchers discovered that mTOR kinase is one of the pioneers in the body's resistance to tuberculosis infection. mTOR can regulate mitochondrial metabolism to prevent macrophage death and gain precious time for immunity.
mTOR-regulated mitochondrial metabolism limits mycobacterium-induced cytotoxicity (Cell 2022 Lalita Ramakrishnan Cambridge)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) spreads through the air and enters the lungs of patients, forming granulomas containing immune cells such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages.
Using the zebrafish experimental system, the researchers discovered that mTOR kinase is one of the pioneers in the body's resistance to tuberculosis infection. mTOR can regulate mitochondrial metabolism to prevent macrophage death and gain precious time for immunity.
9/29
Independent origins of fetal liver haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (Nature 2022 Toshio Suda Japan)
Homeostasis of Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in adult bone marrow depends on self-renewal and tight control of differentiation
It is unclear how the seemingly opposing tasks of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are accomplished during the brief period of embryonic development
The article analyzes the origin of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the arteries by using genetic tracing technology in mice
Hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells are transformed from endothelial cells through the process of Endothelialto-haematopoietic transition (EHT)
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor precursor cells in fetal liver are generated independently of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
The expression level of EVI1 is important for hematopoietic stem/progenitor precursor cell fate determination in vivo, and this finding can be used to guide the induction of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro.
Independent origins of fetal liver haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (Nature 2022 Toshio Suda Japan)
Homeostasis of Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in adult bone marrow depends on self-renewal and tight control of differentiation
It is unclear how the seemingly opposing tasks of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are accomplished during the brief period of embryonic development
The article analyzes the origin of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the arteries by using genetic tracing technology in mice
Hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells are transformed from endothelial cells through the process of Endothelialto-haematopoietic transition (EHT)
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor precursor cells in fetal liver are generated independently of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
The expression level of EVI1 is important for hematopoietic stem/progenitor precursor cell fate determination in vivo, and this finding can be used to guide the induction of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro.
9/30
Codiversification of gut microbiota with humans (Science 2022 Ruth E. Ley MPI)
This article investigates the co-evolutionary pattern of gut microbiota and humans. Lay the foundation for future research on the impact of microbial and human common diversity on the incidence of related diseases
The microbiome is a therapeutic target for personalized medicine, and this study highlights the importance of microbiome diversity for differences in disease incidence among populations
Codiversification of gut microbiota with humans (Science 2022 Ruth E. Ley MPI)
This article investigates the co-evolutionary pattern of gut microbiota and humans. Lay the foundation for future research on the impact of microbial and human common diversity on the incidence of related diseases
The microbiome is a therapeutic target for personalized medicine, and this study highlights the importance of microbiome diversity for differences in disease incidence among populations
9/30
Reconstitution of a microtubule plus-end tracking system in vitro (Nature 2007 European Molecular Biology Laboratory Thomas Surrey)
EB1 homologue Mal3 has an enhanced affinity for growing microtubule end structures as opposed to the microtubule lattice
Mal3 acts as a factor that mediates loading of the processive motor Tea2 and its cargo, the Clip170 homologue Tip1, onto the microtubule lattice
+TIPs - highly conserved microtubule-associated proteins accumulates selectively at growing microtubule plus ends in living cells: CLIP-770; APC, EB1, CLASPs, p150, and spectraplakins.
multiple aspects of cellular organization depend on a defined distribution of microtubules - the distribution is mediated by three +TIPs: the EB1 homologue Mal3, the Clip170 homologue Tip1 and the kinesin Tea2
the motor Tea2 and its putative cargo Tip1 move along the microtubule lattice towards its growing plus ends, where they accumulate
the motor Tea2 and its putative cargo Tip1 move along the microtubule lattice towards its growing plus ends, where they accumulate
Only one of the three proteins, the EB1 homologue Mal3, was able to bind efficiently to dynamic microtubules in the absence of the others.
This suggests that microtubule ends are decorated with Mal3 for a characteristic time of about 8 s, independently of microtubule growth velocity
In contrast to Mal3, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Tip1 and Alexa 488-labelled Tea2 did not bind significantly to the microtubules in conditions under which selective end tracking of Mal3 was observed
Mal3, Tea2 and Tip1 exist as a stable ternary complex
Reconstitution of a microtubule plus-end tracking system in vitro (Nature 2007 European Molecular Biology Laboratory Thomas Surrey)
EB1 homologue Mal3 has an enhanced affinity for growing microtubule end structures as opposed to the microtubule lattice
Mal3 acts as a factor that mediates loading of the processive motor Tea2 and its cargo, the Clip170 homologue Tip1, onto the microtubule lattice
+TIPs - highly conserved microtubule-associated proteins accumulates selectively at growing microtubule plus ends in living cells: CLIP-770; APC, EB1, CLASPs, p150, and spectraplakins.
multiple aspects of cellular organization depend on a defined distribution of microtubules - the distribution is mediated by three +TIPs: the EB1 homologue Mal3, the Clip170 homologue Tip1 and the kinesin Tea2
the motor Tea2 and its putative cargo Tip1 move along the microtubule lattice towards its growing plus ends, where they accumulate
the motor Tea2 and its putative cargo Tip1 move along the microtubule lattice towards its growing plus ends, where they accumulate
Only one of the three proteins, the EB1 homologue Mal3, was able to bind efficiently to dynamic microtubules in the absence of the others.
This suggests that microtubule ends are decorated with Mal3 for a characteristic time of about 8 s, independently of microtubule growth velocity
In contrast to Mal3, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Tip1 and Alexa 488-labelled Tea2 did not bind significantly to the microtubules in conditions under which selective end tracking of Mal3 was observed
Mal3, Tea2 and Tip1 exist as a stable ternary complex
10/3
Spatial engineering of E. coli with addressable phase-separated RNAs (Cell 2022 France Haotian Guo)
Synthetic organelle realized in bacteria for the first time
membraneless organelles - Based on random interactions, specific biological macromolecules will undergo a physical process of liquid phase separation when they are in a critical state, thereby forming biomolecular condensate.
Problem: The internal physicochemical environment of bacteria and eukaryotic cells is very different, and the proteins of eukaryotic membraneless organelles can easily form solid precipitates in bacteria.
RNA can also phase separate independently
The team designed an RNA molecular architecture, Transcriptionally Engineered Addressable RNA Solvents (TEARS), for the realization of synthetic organelles, and confirmed that this is a modular and programmable condensate through transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence imaging, mRNA translation and other means.
Spatial engineering of E. coli with addressable phase-separated RNAs (Cell 2022 France Haotian Guo)
Synthetic organelle realized in bacteria for the first time
membraneless organelles - Based on random interactions, specific biological macromolecules will undergo a physical process of liquid phase separation when they are in a critical state, thereby forming biomolecular condensate.
Problem: The internal physicochemical environment of bacteria and eukaryotic cells is very different, and the proteins of eukaryotic membraneless organelles can easily form solid precipitates in bacteria.
RNA can also phase separate independently
The team designed an RNA molecular architecture, Transcriptionally Engineered Addressable RNA Solvents (TEARS), for the realization of synthetic organelles, and confirmed that this is a modular and programmable condensate through transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence imaging, mRNA translation and other means.
Paper/Seminar Record
10/3 Spatial engineering of E. coli with addressable phase-separated RNAs (Cell 2022 France Haotian Guo) Synthetic organelle realized in bacteria for the first time membraneless organelles - Based on random interactions, specific biological macromolecules…
Inclusion bodies, which are common in bacterial physiology, may have had their physical characteristics misestimated, and most likely also have fluid properties and thus enable complex biochemical processes.
In the past, it was believed that multilayer phase-separated structures such as the nucleolus required a variety of phase-separable proteins that interacted orthogonally to each other (Feric, Marina, et al. Cell 2016); however, the authors found that in many In a system where components interact, as long as one molecule can achieve phase separation, it is possible to produce a multi-layered separation structure.
In the scaffold-client model of equilibrium physics (Banani, Salman F., et al. Cell 166.3 2016), the selectivity of aggregates for recruiting proteins is determined by their composition, that is, the proportion of various "vacancies" However, the authors constructed a "ligand-receptor" theoretical model and experimentally proved that in the non-equilibrium state, the recruitment preference of condensates can be jointly controlled by rate constants such as binding and dilution.
In the past, it was believed that multilayer phase-separated structures such as the nucleolus required a variety of phase-separable proteins that interacted orthogonally to each other (Feric, Marina, et al. Cell 2016); however, the authors found that in many In a system where components interact, as long as one molecule can achieve phase separation, it is possible to produce a multi-layered separation structure.
In the scaffold-client model of equilibrium physics (Banani, Salman F., et al. Cell 166.3 2016), the selectivity of aggregates for recruiting proteins is determined by their composition, that is, the proportion of various "vacancies" However, the authors constructed a "ligand-receptor" theoretical model and experimentally proved that in the non-equilibrium state, the recruitment preference of condensates can be jointly controlled by rate constants such as binding and dilution.
Two different microtubule-based motor
activities with opposite polarities
in kinetochores
(傻逼Tim mitchison 啥都不写清楚啊啊啊啊啊啊我大哭
activities with opposite polarities
in kinetochores
(傻逼Tim mitchison 啥都不写清楚啊啊啊啊啊啊我大哭
10/4
Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts (Nature 1996 Rebecca Heald)
Bipolar spindles can assemble in the absence of centrosomes and kinetochores - spindles form in the absence of centrosomes by motor-dependent sorting of microtubules according to their polarity
dynein is required for focusing microtubules into poles, but not for bundling into longitudinal arrays
Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts (Nature 1996 Rebecca Heald)
Bipolar spindles can assemble in the absence of centrosomes and kinetochores - spindles form in the absence of centrosomes by motor-dependent sorting of microtubules according to their polarity
dynein is required for focusing microtubules into poles, but not for bundling into longitudinal arrays
10/4
Pitx2 patterns an accelerator-brake mechanical feedback through latent TGFb to rotate the gut (Science 2022 Natasza A. Kurpios Cornell)
In healthy embryos, the rotation of the gut is predictable, the gut is always counterclockwise and highly synergistic in time and space
Torsion of the gut requires the guidance of the transcription factor Pitx2
During the torsion of intestinal asymmetric development, the TGFbeta signaling pathway feeds back mechanical forces, driving Pitx2 to control the left transcriptional program in the dorsal mesentery, and the expression of Bmp4 on the right to accelerate the intestinal torsion process.
Pitx2 patterns an accelerator-brake mechanical feedback through latent TGFb to rotate the gut (Science 2022 Natasza A. Kurpios Cornell)
In healthy embryos, the rotation of the gut is predictable, the gut is always counterclockwise and highly synergistic in time and space
Torsion of the gut requires the guidance of the transcription factor Pitx2
During the torsion of intestinal asymmetric development, the TGFbeta signaling pathway feeds back mechanical forces, driving Pitx2 to control the left transcriptional program in the dorsal mesentery, and the expression of Bmp4 on the right to accelerate the intestinal torsion process.
10/4
Condensed-phase signaling can expand kinase specificity and respond to macromolecular crowding (Molecular Cell 2022 Liam J.Holt NYC & Markus Zweckstetter MPI)
Phase separation can concentrate biomolecules and accelerate biochemical reactions
The complex cellular environment strongly influences phase separation, and the crowded and active internal biophysical environment of cells may be able to convert condensed biomolecular information into chemical signals, such as protein phosphorylation, etc.
In this paper, the authors use synthetic biology to demonstrate that phase-separated biomolecular condensates can enhance kinase signaling, more conducive to systematically improving signaling efficiency and responding to biophysical signals.
Condensed-phase signaling can expand kinase specificity and respond to macromolecular crowding (Molecular Cell 2022 Liam J.Holt NYC & Markus Zweckstetter MPI)
Phase separation can concentrate biomolecules and accelerate biochemical reactions
The complex cellular environment strongly influences phase separation, and the crowded and active internal biophysical environment of cells may be able to convert condensed biomolecular information into chemical signals, such as protein phosphorylation, etc.
In this paper, the authors use synthetic biology to demonstrate that phase-separated biomolecular condensates can enhance kinase signaling, more conducive to systematically improving signaling efficiency and responding to biophysical signals.
10/5
Human TKTL1 implies greater neurogenesis in frontal neocortex of modern humans than Neanderthals (Science 2022 Wieland B. Huttner MPI)
The evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex and the consequent increase in the number of neurons underlies cognitive enhancement in human evolution
Endoscopic analysis revealed that modern humans had brain volumes similar to those of Neanderthals, suggesting that their brain volumes and cerebral cortex were similar in size.
It is found that a single amino acid of TKTL1 of the transketolase family has important differential effects on activity on large-scale neurogenesis in modern and ancient humans
There are two main types of neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebral cortex, called apical progenitors (APs) and basal progenitors (BPs), respectively.
TKTL1:
TKTL1 is preferentially expressed in neural progenitor cells of the cerebral cortex
TKTL1 is associated with human tumors and tumor cell proliferation and may increase the number of neural progenitor cells
TKTL1 is one of the few proteins with amino acid substitutions
The authors' work found that the expression of TKTL1 in the human cerebral cortex is particularly high in the frontal lobe of the developing brain, and the single amino acid activity of hTKTL1 promotes the abundance of basal neural progenitor cells in the frontal lobe of the brain, promoting the production of more modern human cerebral cortex of neurons.
The function of hTKTL1 is dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway and fatty acid synthesis, and inhibition of these metabolic pathways reduces the abundance of bRG in fetal human neocortex.
Human TKTL1 implies greater neurogenesis in frontal neocortex of modern humans than Neanderthals (Science 2022 Wieland B. Huttner MPI)
The evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex and the consequent increase in the number of neurons underlies cognitive enhancement in human evolution
Endoscopic analysis revealed that modern humans had brain volumes similar to those of Neanderthals, suggesting that their brain volumes and cerebral cortex were similar in size.
It is found that a single amino acid of TKTL1 of the transketolase family has important differential effects on activity on large-scale neurogenesis in modern and ancient humans
There are two main types of neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebral cortex, called apical progenitors (APs) and basal progenitors (BPs), respectively.
TKTL1:
TKTL1 is preferentially expressed in neural progenitor cells of the cerebral cortex
TKTL1 is associated with human tumors and tumor cell proliferation and may increase the number of neural progenitor cells
TKTL1 is one of the few proteins with amino acid substitutions
The authors' work found that the expression of TKTL1 in the human cerebral cortex is particularly high in the frontal lobe of the developing brain, and the single amino acid activity of hTKTL1 promotes the abundance of basal neural progenitor cells in the frontal lobe of the brain, promoting the production of more modern human cerebral cortex of neurons.
The function of hTKTL1 is dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway and fatty acid synthesis, and inhibition of these metabolic pathways reduces the abundance of bRG in fetal human neocortex.
10/7
Chromatin jets define the properties of cohesin-driven in vivo loop extrusion (Molecular Cell 2022 UK)
During the interphase of cell division, the distribution of DNA in the nucleus is in units of chromosomes, and DNA of the same chromosome always tends to cluster together in three-dimensional space, a phenomenon known as Chromosome Territories
There is compartmentalization within chromosomes, namely compartment A (corresponding to transcriptionally active euchromatin) and compartment B (corresponding to inactive heterochromatin). Chromosomes in compartment A prefer to interact with chromosomes in compartment A. Chromosomes in compartment B also prefer to interact with chromosomes in compartment B. Chromatin topological domains (Topologically Associating Domains, TADs) are also a major chromatin interaction mode within chromosomes, which are mainly composed of 3D molecules such as Cohesin (a giant circular protein complex) and CTCF (CCCTC Binding Factor). Genome-building protein-mediated.
It is currently believed that Cohesin mediates genome-wide chromatin interactions through DNA loop extrusion. Cohesin-mediated DNA circularization can be anchored at the binding sites of transcription factors such as CTCF. On the one hand, it mediates specific chromatin interactions. Actions, including enhancer-promoter interactions, on the other hand prevent unnecessary chromatin interactions and function as transcriptional insulation. However, due to technical limitations, we still cannot directly observe the ongoing DNA circularization at the single-molecule level in vivo, and cannot determine the key features of the Cohesin-mediated DNA ring extrusion model, or even whether the model actually exists in vivo.
This paper observes the phenomenon of chromatin "jetting" (Chromatin Jets) in vivo, which provides important in vivo evidence and key parameters for the Cohesin-mediated DNA loop extrusion model.
Chromatin jets define the properties of cohesin-driven in vivo loop extrusion (Molecular Cell 2022 UK)
During the interphase of cell division, the distribution of DNA in the nucleus is in units of chromosomes, and DNA of the same chromosome always tends to cluster together in three-dimensional space, a phenomenon known as Chromosome Territories
There is compartmentalization within chromosomes, namely compartment A (corresponding to transcriptionally active euchromatin) and compartment B (corresponding to inactive heterochromatin). Chromosomes in compartment A prefer to interact with chromosomes in compartment A. Chromosomes in compartment B also prefer to interact with chromosomes in compartment B. Chromatin topological domains (Topologically Associating Domains, TADs) are also a major chromatin interaction mode within chromosomes, which are mainly composed of 3D molecules such as Cohesin (a giant circular protein complex) and CTCF (CCCTC Binding Factor). Genome-building protein-mediated.
It is currently believed that Cohesin mediates genome-wide chromatin interactions through DNA loop extrusion. Cohesin-mediated DNA circularization can be anchored at the binding sites of transcription factors such as CTCF. On the one hand, it mediates specific chromatin interactions. Actions, including enhancer-promoter interactions, on the other hand prevent unnecessary chromatin interactions and function as transcriptional insulation. However, due to technical limitations, we still cannot directly observe the ongoing DNA circularization at the single-molecule level in vivo, and cannot determine the key features of the Cohesin-mediated DNA ring extrusion model, or even whether the model actually exists in vivo.
This paper observes the phenomenon of chromatin "jetting" (Chromatin Jets) in vivo, which provides important in vivo evidence and key parameters for the Cohesin-mediated DNA loop extrusion model.
10/7
Artificial intelligence finds faster algorithms for multiplying matrices (This is a summary of: Fawzi, A. et al. Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning. Nature 610, 47–53 (2022).)
It’s fast.
It could be even faster in the future.
Artificial intelligence finds faster algorithms for multiplying matrices (This is a summary of: Fawzi, A. et al. Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning. Nature 610, 47–53 (2022).)
It’s fast.
It could be even faster in the future.
10/7
Two different microtubule-based motor activities with opposite polarities in kinetochores (Nature 1991 Tim Mitchison)
kinetochores contain two motors, which move microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, but which have opposite polarities.
The activities of these two motors can be regulated by factors that can influence phosphorylation.
Two different microtubule-based motor activities with opposite polarities in kinetochores (Nature 1991 Tim Mitchison)
kinetochores contain two motors, which move microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, but which have opposite polarities.
The activities of these two motors can be regulated by factors that can influence phosphorylation.
10/10
Super-enhancers conserved within placental mammals maintain stem cell pluripotency (2022 PNAS China)
Super-enhancer (SE) is considered to be the main regulatory center of cell fate determination, maintenance of pluripotency and disease occurrence.
This study revealed that most of the super-enhancers have undergone rapid evolution in mammals through a systematic comparison of super-enhancers in humans, pigs and mice through multi-omics techniques, and identified 3 maintenance of SOX2, PIM1 and FGFR1 A key super-enhancer for pluripotency in placental mammals.
Super-enhancers conserved within placental mammals maintain stem cell pluripotency (2022 PNAS China)
Super-enhancer (SE) is considered to be the main regulatory center of cell fate determination, maintenance of pluripotency and disease occurrence.
This study revealed that most of the super-enhancers have undergone rapid evolution in mammals through a systematic comparison of super-enhancers in humans, pigs and mice through multi-omics techniques, and identified 3 maintenance of SOX2, PIM1 and FGFR1 A key super-enhancer for pluripotency in placental mammals.