) اللغة العربية الرسمية واللهجات ( 8 Passage

1) The Arabic language has official status in over 20countries and is spoken by more
than 250 million people. However, the term "Arabic language" itself is used rather
loosely and refers to different varieties of the language. Arabic is characterized by
an interesting linguistic dichotomy: the written form of the language, Modem
Standard Arabic MSA), differs in a non -trivial fashion from the various spoken
varieties of Arabic, each of which is a regional dialect. MSA is the only variety that
is standardized, regulated, and taught in schools. This is necessitated because of
its use in written communication in formal settings. The regional dialects, used
primarily for day-to-day dealings and spoken communication, are not taught
formally in schools, and remain somewhat absent from traditional, and certainly
official, written communication .
2) A regional dialect doesn’t have an explicit written set of grammar but there is certain
authoritative organization. Furthermore, even though they are spoken varieties it is
certainly possible to produce dialectal Arabic text by spelling out words using the
same spelling rules used in MSA, which are mostly phonetic .
3) There is a reasonable level of mutual intelligibility across the dialects, but the extent
to which a particular individual is able to understand other dialects depends heavily
on that person's own dialect and their exposure to Arab culture and literature from
outside of their own country. For example, the typical Arabic speaker has little
trouble understanding the Egyptian dialect, thanks in no small part to Egypt's
history in literature, movie-making and television show production, and their
popularity across the Arab world. On the other hand, the Moroccan dialect,
especially in its spoken form, is quite difficult to understand by a Levantine Syrian
or Lebanese) speaker. Therefore, from a scientific point of view, the dialects can
be considered separate languages in their own right, much like North Germanic
languages Norwegian/Swedish/Danish) and West Slavic languages
Czech/Slovak/Polish

)جراحة جديدة لرجل أصيب في حادث سيارة( 9 Passage

1) A man who was paralyzed in a car crash four years ago has regained some use of
his hands. Surgeons at Washington University School of Medicine in the U.S. took
healthy nerves from other parts of the man and used them to rewire the nerves in
his arm.
2) The 71-year-old broke his neck in the accident and was left unable to walk. Though
he could still move his arms, he had lost the ability to grasp or hold things in either
hand. The university doctors said the pioneering operation may prove to be a
breakthrough for some patients with spinal cord injuries .
3) The man received extensive therapy after the operation. He was able to move the
thumb and fingers of his left hand eight months after surgery. After ten more
months, the patient could move the fingers of his right hand and begin to feed
himself and even write to some extent considering the severity of his injury and the
fact that 22months had passed between his accident and the surgery, these results
are remarkable

خلوها نشارك الفهرس .

أهلًاا

سويت مُلخص لأغلب القواعد الي تكررت هالفتره ، واتمنى انه مافيه اي غلط ، وبس دعواتكم لي❤️❤️

ترقبو 🌚☝🏻

يلا نبدأ ننزل جُزيئه اليوم من الريدنق

الذهب واستخدامه التاريخي كمخزن ثروة

While gold is used in industry, its main historical use has been as a means of
maintaining the value of wealth, usually in the form of jewelry and money. Gold,
measured and priced in a troy ounces or grams, has been used as a store of value for
at least 5,000 years. About 2,000 years ago, one troy ounce of gold might purchase a
high quality, custom-made outfit. Today, the same amount of gold would probably be
able to purchase a similar high-quality outfit, plus all of the matching accessories .

ماركوبولو والايس كريم

1) The traveler Marco Polo retuned from his famous expedition to the Far East with
fruit-flavored ices. We know from Marco Polo that Asians had been making fruit-
flavored ices for thousands of years, long before he reached this part of the world.
These delicacies became popular in France in the 1500s, but only among royalty.
Over the next few centuries, the process of making them evolved and eventually
cream was introduced as an ingredient. By the 1700s, people were enjoying a
dessert that was very similar to today's ice cream. It became a treat that could be
enjoyed by almost anyone, not just the rich .

2) The first wholesale manufacture of ice cream was in 1851 in Baltimore, Maryland
by Jacob Fussel. He had a dairy business that had excess cream which he decided
to add to his ice cream. Soon after that, his ice cream outsold all of his other dairy
products .

3) The making of ice cream slowly evolved for the next few decades. Manufacturing
methods and ingredients improved and refrigeration technology became cheaper
and more efficient. By the 1920s, home refrigerators and freezers became more
common. This gave the ice cream industry another boost. A problem developed
during World War I in the U.S., when most sugar was shipped to Europe and people
were therefore only allowed to buy limited amounts of it convinced the government
that ice cream was an "essential food". Ice cream factories were given sugar and
production continued .

4) Sales increased in the years leading up to World War II before leveling off in the
post-war years. The rise of giant supermarkets created a demand for cheaper,
1960s saw a resurgence in "premium" ice cream, while the following decades saw
the market fragment into low-fat varieties for the health-conscious. Including frozen
yogurt, fruit bars. ice milk, fat-free ice cream, and mass-produced ice cream, but
quality suffered. Many researchers stated that 60% of frozen desserts are ice
cream