Piping Stress Analysis (PSA Group)
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Piping & Pipeline Stress Analysis
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In this case the main fixed point is situated at the intersection where two sections of piping meet.
Single Tied "Expansion Joints"
Description:

These expansion joints are made of one single bellows element with end connections plus a tie rod system.

Regardless of accessories, such as liners and covers, this model absorbs all types of movements in any length of piping but it is mainly used to absorb axial movements and small amounts of lateral movement.
Features

1- Absorbs axial and small amounts of lateral and angular movements if provided with only 2 tie rods
2- May restrain the pressure thrust
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows provided with welding ends.
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows equipped with fixed flanges.
Universal Unrestrained "Expansion Joints"
Description:

Also known as the universal un-tied expansion joint this model is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe.

Although it can be used to absorb any combination of the three basic movements it is mainly used to absorb large lateral movements.

The amount of lateral deflection that can be accepted is a function of the degree of angulation each bellows can absorb and the distance between the bellows or length of the central pipe.

It does not restrain pressure thrust so adequate anchors and guides must be provided and they can be used only in a piping systems that incorporate correctly designed anchors and pipe alignment guides.
Features

1-Allow axial, lateral and angular movements
2-Accept large amounts of lateral deflection
3-Do not restrain pressure thrust
4-Adequate anchors and guides must be provided
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe provided with welding ends.
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe provided with flanged ends.
Universal Tied "Expansion Joints"
Description:

This model is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe and a system of tie rods able to withstand the thrust produced by the internal pressure.

This model is used to absorb lateral movements in all planes. In addition and with a special design and/or positioning of the tie rods system this type may be used to absorb some axial and angular movements*.

The tie rods are provided in sets of two or more, equally distributed around the circumference of the expansion joint. When the Expansion Joint is supplied with 2 tie rods at 180 degrees, the expansion joint is free to deflect angularly and laterally. With three or more tie rods only lateral deflections are possible.

The amount of lateral deflection depends on the amount of angulation each bellows can absorb and the length or the central pipe. The amount of lateral deflection capability can be increased or decreased by simply changing the length of the spool pipe and the thermal expansion of the central pipe is taken by the bellows elements.
Features:

1-Absorbs lateral movements in all planes
2-Restrains pressure thrust
3-Adequate anchors and guides must be provided
Universal Lateral Tied Expansion Joint with welding ends.
Universal Lateral Tied Expansion Joint with flanged ends.
This case illustrates how one "Universal Tied" Expansion Joint can be used to absorb the thermal Expansion in a Z-shaped section of piping which only occurs in one plane.
This case shows how an Universal Tie Expansion Jont can be used to absorb the thermal Expansion in a Z- shaped section of piping which occurs in three different directions.The fact that this type of E
Procedure to restore the corrupted Caesar II file:
Those who are extensively using Caesar II software must have noted that sometimes few Caesar II files got corrupted due to some reason. And modeling the same file from isometric again is time consuming. At the same time the man hour used is lost without any fruitful result. The same happened to me yesterday. Unconsciously I deleted the required file and i was a bit worried as i had to redo the modeling again.
In such situation you can easily restore the complete Caesar model without much pain. This write up will try to explain the method of restoring the Caesar II file which is corrupted or deleted by mistake. However this will only work if you have performed the run function at least once. The load cases what you made will be lost and you have to make new load cases for the analysis. And i feel that’s better as making load cases does not take much time.
Whenever you prepare any Caesar file and then run the file for analysis a backup file of the stress system is automatically generated in the PC. Later that back up file can be used to restore the required Caesar file again. The steps are as follows: