• In next step enter the pressure vs elevation profile in consistent unit and enter wind direction cosines as shown in Fig. 3. Normally wind analysis is performed considering wind flow from North, South, East and West direction. Accordingly Enter +1 or -1 in X or Z direction. Wind analysis is generally not considered in vertical direction.
• Refer Fig. 4 and prepare the highlighted load cases additionally for wind analysis. Load cases for L17 to L20 are for code compliance checking and load cases from L5 to L8 for support and Nozzle load checking.
• Refer Fig 5 and make the combination method as scalar or absolute for the shown load cases.
• In the final stage run the analysis and check results. If failing make suitable adjustments to qualify the same.
Pipe Design mainly depends upon stress analysis.
Process piping and power piping are typically checked
by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing,
nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed
and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not
exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads,
operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as
stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other
applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to
evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under
regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as
well under occasional and intermittent loading cases
such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and
water hammer. This evaluation is usually performed
with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe
stress analysis computer program.
CAESAR II is a complete pipe stress analysis software
program that allows quick and accurate analysis of
piping systems subjected to weight, pressure, thermal,
seismic and other static and dynamic loads. It can
analyze piping systems of any size or complexity.
CAESAR II is unique, incorporating calculation
methods and analysis options not found in any other
program. It provides for the static and dynamic analysis
of piping systems. Calculation capabilities include:
(i) fiber reinforced plastic
(ii) buried piping
(iii) wind, wave and earthquake loading
(iv) expansion joints
(v) valves, flanges and vessel nozzles
(vi) piping components
(vii) nozzle flexibilities
Process piping and power piping are typically checked
by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing,
nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed
and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not
exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads,
operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as
stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other
applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to
evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under
regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as
well under occasional and intermittent loading cases
such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and
water hammer. This evaluation is usually performed
with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe
stress analysis computer program.
CAESAR II is a complete pipe stress analysis software
program that allows quick and accurate analysis of
piping systems subjected to weight, pressure, thermal,
seismic and other static and dynamic loads. It can
analyze piping systems of any size or complexity.
CAESAR II is unique, incorporating calculation
methods and analysis options not found in any other
program. It provides for the static and dynamic analysis
of piping systems. Calculation capabilities include:
(i) fiber reinforced plastic
(ii) buried piping
(iii) wind, wave and earthquake loading
(iv) expansion joints
(v) valves, flanges and vessel nozzles
(vi) piping components
(vii) nozzle flexibilities
Data Input:⬇️
CAESAR II makes it easy to input and
display all the data needed to accurately define a piping
system analysis model. Input can be accessed or
modified on an element-by-element basis, or datasets
can be selected to make global changes.
CAESAR II makes it easy to input and
display all the data needed to accurately define a piping
system analysis model. Input can be accessed or
modified on an element-by-element basis, or datasets
can be selected to make global changes.
Cutting-edge Graphics:⬇️
The CAESAR II input graphics module makes quick work of developing
analysis models while clearly indicating areas of concern and providing an excellent idea of the piping system's flexibility. Color-coded stress models and animated displacements for any stress load case are available.
The CAESAR II input graphics module makes quick work of developing
analysis models while clearly indicating areas of concern and providing an excellent idea of the piping system's flexibility. Color-coded stress models and animated displacements for any stress load case are available.
Design Tools and Wizards:⬇️
Tools and wizards for
tasks such as creating expansion loops or viewing plant
models in the analysis space help bridge the gap
between knowledge and experience. Such tools take the
guess work out of producing accurate analysis and
recommending practical design changes. Nonlinear
effects such as support lift off, gap closure and friction
are also included. CAESAR II also selects the proper
springs for supporting systems with large vertical
deflections. Dynamic analysis capabilities include
modal, harmonic, response spectrum and time history
analysis.
Tools and wizards for
tasks such as creating expansion loops or viewing plant
models in the analysis space help bridge the gap
between knowledge and experience. Such tools take the
guess work out of producing accurate analysis and
recommending practical design changes. Nonlinear
effects such as support lift off, gap closure and friction
are also included. CAESAR II also selects the proper
springs for supporting systems with large vertical
deflections. Dynamic analysis capabilities include
modal, harmonic, response spectrum and time history
analysis.
Analysis Options: ⬇️
Besides the evaluation of a piping
system's response to thermal, deadweight and pressure
loads, CAESAR II analyzes the effects of wind, support
settlement, seismic loads and wave loads.
Besides the evaluation of a piping
system's response to thermal, deadweight and pressure
loads, CAESAR II analyzes the effects of wind, support
settlement, seismic loads and wave loads.
Error Checking and Reports: ⬇️
The CAESAR II program includes an integrated error checker. This error
checker analyzes the user input and checks for consistency from both a "finite element" and "piping" point of view. Reports are clear, accurate concise and fully user definable.
The CAESAR II program includes an integrated error checker. This error
checker analyzes the user input and checks for consistency from both a "finite element" and "piping" point of view. Reports are clear, accurate concise and fully user definable.
Material and Assemblies Databases:⬇️
CAESAR II incorporates table look-ups for piping materials and components plus expansion joints, structural steel sections, spring hangers and material properties including allowable stress. This ensures correct datasets are used for each analysis. CAESAR II comes complete with major international piping codes.
CAESAR II incorporates table look-ups for piping materials and components plus expansion joints, structural steel sections, spring hangers and material properties including allowable stress. This ensures correct datasets are used for each analysis. CAESAR II comes complete with major international piping codes.
Bi-directional Interface with Design:⬇️
CAESAR II incorporates the industry's first and only seamless, bidirectional link between CAD plant design and engineering analysis.
CAESAR II incorporates the industry's first and only seamless, bidirectional link between CAD plant design and engineering analysis.
A. Piping Code Options⬇️
o B31.1 and B31.1 (1967) - Power
o B31.3 - Process Piping
o B31.4 - Liquids Transportation
o B31.4 - Chapter IX - Offshore
o B31.5 - Refrigeration
o B31.8 - Gas Transportation
o B31.8 - Chapter VIII - Offshore
o ASNE Sec. III, Class 2&3 - Nuclear Power
o British Standard 806
o US Navy Spec. 505
o Z662 - Canadian Gas Transportation
o RCC-M Section C & D - French Nuclear Power
o BS 7159 - British Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pipe
o UKOOA - UK Offshore
o IGE/TD/12 - UK Gas
B. Design of pressure piping⬇️
Many decisions need be made in the design phase to
achieve this successful operation, including:
(i) Required process fluid quantity
(ii) Optimum pressure-temperature
(iii) Piping material selection
(iv) Insulation selection (tracing)
(v) Stress & nozzle load determination
(vi) Pipe support standard
The codes provide minimal assistance with any of
these decisions as the codes are not design manuals.
o B31.1 and B31.1 (1967) - Power
o B31.3 - Process Piping
o B31.4 - Liquids Transportation
o B31.4 - Chapter IX - Offshore
o B31.5 - Refrigeration
o B31.8 - Gas Transportation
o B31.8 - Chapter VIII - Offshore
o ASNE Sec. III, Class 2&3 - Nuclear Power
o British Standard 806
o US Navy Spec. 505
o Z662 - Canadian Gas Transportation
o RCC-M Section C & D - French Nuclear Power
o BS 7159 - British Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pipe
o UKOOA - UK Offshore
o IGE/TD/12 - UK Gas
B. Design of pressure piping⬇️
Many decisions need be made in the design phase to
achieve this successful operation, including:
(i) Required process fluid quantity
(ii) Optimum pressure-temperature
(iii) Piping material selection
(iv) Insulation selection (tracing)
(v) Stress & nozzle load determination
(vi) Pipe support standard
The codes provide minimal assistance with any of
these decisions as the codes are not design manuals.
PIPING DESIGN⬇️⬇️
A. Design procedure
The problem of design procedure is to find a pipeline
configuration and size within the constraints, which is
safe and economical. The steps in pipeline design are as
follows:
I. The determination of the problem, which includes:
a. The characteristics of the fluid to be carried,
including the flow rate and the allowable head loss;
b. The location of the pipelines: its source and
destination, and the terrain over which it will pass, the
location of separator station and the power plant;
c. The design code to be followed; and
d. The material to be used.
II. The determination of a preliminary pipe route, the
line length and static head difference
III. Pipe diameter based on allowable head loss
IV. Structural analysis:
a. Pipe wall thickness; and
b. Stress analysis
V. The stress analysis is performed in pipe
configuration until compliance with the code is
achieved
VI. Support and anchor design based on reaction found
in the structural analysis
VII. Preparation of drawings, specification and the
design report.
A. Design procedure
The problem of design procedure is to find a pipeline
configuration and size within the constraints, which is
safe and economical. The steps in pipeline design are as
follows:
I. The determination of the problem, which includes:
a. The characteristics of the fluid to be carried,
including the flow rate and the allowable head loss;
b. The location of the pipelines: its source and
destination, and the terrain over which it will pass, the
location of separator station and the power plant;
c. The design code to be followed; and
d. The material to be used.
II. The determination of a preliminary pipe route, the
line length and static head difference
III. Pipe diameter based on allowable head loss
IV. Structural analysis:
a. Pipe wall thickness; and
b. Stress analysis
V. The stress analysis is performed in pipe
configuration until compliance with the code is
achieved
VI. Support and anchor design based on reaction found
in the structural analysis
VII. Preparation of drawings, specification and the
design report.
B. Fluid characteristic⬇️
Important factors to be considered are the mass flow
rate, pressure, temperature, saturation index and the
allowable headloss over the pipeline length. Two phase
piping:The steam and water flow patterns in the pipe
vary from annular, slug to open channel flow;
depending on the velocity and wetness of the steam.
Slug flow generates high dynamic load and vibration
that can damage the piping system. The preferred flow
regime in the pipes is usually the annular flow. Pipes
need to be sized correctly and run flat or on a downhill
slope to achieve annular flow. The piping for twophase
fluids has to be designed for high pressure,
dynamic load, possible slug flows, erosion, corrosion,
minimum pressure loss (by running the pipe as short as
possible), the desired flow regime (by selecting the
correct fluid velocity and slope for the pipes), vibration
prevention.
Important factors to be considered are the mass flow
rate, pressure, temperature, saturation index and the
allowable headloss over the pipeline length. Two phase
piping:The steam and water flow patterns in the pipe
vary from annular, slug to open channel flow;
depending on the velocity and wetness of the steam.
Slug flow generates high dynamic load and vibration
that can damage the piping system. The preferred flow
regime in the pipes is usually the annular flow. Pipes
need to be sized correctly and run flat or on a downhill
slope to achieve annular flow. The piping for twophase
fluids has to be designed for high pressure,
dynamic load, possible slug flows, erosion, corrosion,
minimum pressure loss (by running the pipe as short as
possible), the desired flow regime (by selecting the
correct fluid velocity and slope for the pipes), vibration
prevention.
C. Codes Governing Piping Design and Stress Analysis⬇️⬇️
(i) ASME B31.3, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8
(ii) Other codes including applicable local codes
(iii) Role and scope of codes
(iv) Information available from codes
(v) Typical organization of code material
(i) ASME B31.3, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8
(ii) Other codes including applicable local codes
(iii) Role and scope of codes
(iv) Information available from codes
(v) Typical organization of code material