Piping Stress Analysis (PSA Group)
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Piping & Pipeline Stress Analysis
Piping Stress Analysis Training
CAESAR II Static Training
CAESAR II Dynamic Training
Special Support Design by FEA
Special Item Design

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There is a different angle than 90º in the section of piping.
Single Unrestrained "Expansion Joints"
Description:

These expansion joints are made of one single bellows element with end connections.

Regardless of accessories, such as liners and covers, this model absorbs all of the movements in any one length of piping but it is mainly used to absorb axial movements.

It does not restrain pressure thrust so adequate anchors and guides must be provided and they can be used only in piping systems that incorporate correctly designed anchors and pipe alignment guides.
Features:

1- Absorbs axial, lateral, and angular movements
2- Must be properly guided
3- Does not restrain the pressure thrust
4- Requires main and directional anchors
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows provided with welding ends.
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows equipped with fixed flanges.
The classic case of an Expansion Joint located in a straight section of piping installed between two main anchors.
The main anchors are located where pipes change directions in order to consider the straight section as an individual section of piping taking us to case no. 1
Owing to the size of the straight section of pipe, the Axial EJs are fitted in a way that they are joined together by an intermediate fixed point, thus forming a single unit, similar to an Axial EJ fi
In this case the main fixed point is situated at the intersection where two sections of piping meet.
Single Tied "Expansion Joints"
Description:

These expansion joints are made of one single bellows element with end connections plus a tie rod system.

Regardless of accessories, such as liners and covers, this model absorbs all types of movements in any length of piping but it is mainly used to absorb axial movements and small amounts of lateral movement.
Features

1- Absorbs axial and small amounts of lateral and angular movements if provided with only 2 tie rods
2- May restrain the pressure thrust
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows provided with welding ends.
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of one single bellows equipped with fixed flanges.
Universal Unrestrained "Expansion Joints"
Description:

Also known as the universal un-tied expansion joint this model is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe.

Although it can be used to absorb any combination of the three basic movements it is mainly used to absorb large lateral movements.

The amount of lateral deflection that can be accepted is a function of the degree of angulation each bellows can absorb and the distance between the bellows or length of the central pipe.

It does not restrain pressure thrust so adequate anchors and guides must be provided and they can be used only in a piping systems that incorporate correctly designed anchors and pipe alignment guides.
Features

1-Allow axial, lateral and angular movements
2-Accept large amounts of lateral deflection
3-Do not restrain pressure thrust
4-Adequate anchors and guides must be provided
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe provided with welding ends.
This type of Expansion Joint is made up of two bellows joined together by a central pipe provided with flanged ends.
Universal Tied "Expansion Joints"