Main types of piping stresses
Certain pressure, temperature and vibration conditions, as well as occasional loads, all have an impact on pipe systems. As such, the main piping stresses can be divided in 5 categories:

Hoop stress:
a type of uniform pressure applied internally or externally, it can have an impact on the pipe’s diameter and wall thickness.

Axial stress:
caused by factors such as thermal or pressure expansions, as well as applied forces that result in the pipe’s restrained axial growth. As different materials react differently to this type of stress, pipe stress analysis remains crucial to detect this issue.

Bending stress:
 it originates by certain body forces that can be concentrated (such as those related to valves) or occasional (such as the ones created by atmospheric forces, including seismic movements or extreme wind events). Bending stress can also be detected as forced displacements that are generated by the growth of other equipment and piping that ultimately impacts the analyzed pipe.

Torsional stress:
caused by body forces that bring about rotational moments around the pipe axis.

Fatigue stress:
this is created by the combination of continuous stresses that may impact certain pipe systems.

🔔❗️Additionally, it’s also important to understand the three categories of loads that influence pipe stress:

⏩ Primary or sustained stresses, which account for 55% of the standard allowable stress following ASME standards.

⏩Displacement stresses, which should be kept between 80% to 90% of allowed ASME requirements and can be reduced by adding flexibility to the piping system

⏩Occasional stresses, originated by one-time events (typically related to seismic movements, extreme wind events or relief-thrust loads). ASME codes allow for certain increases in the event of these stresses, including allowing a 15% increase if the event lasts less than 8 hours and less than 800 hours per year (wind-related) and a 20% increase if the event lasts less than 1 hour and less than 80 hours per year (seismic movements and relief thrust).

A pneumatic conveying system is a method of transporting materials, typically bulk solids like powders and granules, through a network of pipes using compressed air or another gas. These systems offer a versatile and efficient way to move materials over both short and long distances, finding applications in various industries.

⬇️ There are 3 types of pneumatic conveyors

# Dense phase pneumatic conveyor
⏩ In dense phase conveying, the material is conveyed in a more concentrated, slower-moving plug or slug within the pipeline. This method is suitable for lighter or more fragile materials, and it reduces the risk of material degradation when tablets or other small parts are transferred which are prone to chipping in the transferring process. Dense phase conveying is often used for short distances. It is important when gentle handling of the material is needed.

#Medium phase pneumatic conveyor
⏩Medium phase conveying falls between lean phase and dense phase conveying in terms of material concentration. The velocity is higher than that of dense phase conveying but lower than dilute phase conveying. Medium-phase conveying is a balance between dilute and dense phase. It provides a flexible solution for materials that fall in between these two types.

#Dilute (lean) phase pneumatic conveyor
⏩ In dilute phase conveying, the material is transported in suspension within a stream of air or gas. The terms "dilute phase" and “lean phase” are thereby often used interchangeably. The material is usually moved at high speeds. The amount of material in the air is low inside the conveying line. Dilute phase or lean phase conveying is suitable for heavier materials and is often used for longer-distance transport.

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Dear All,

As 2025 draws to a close, I would like to extend my warmest wishes to all group member. May this festive season bring joy and peace, and may the New Year be filled with success and exciting opportunities.
I wish everyone a prosperous 2026. We look forward to achieving great things together.

Warm Regards,
Akbar Daneshvar
PSA Group

PSA High Pressure Pipe Support