In order to properly design a piping system, the engineer must understand both a system's behavior under potential loadings, as well as the regulatory requirements imposed upon it by the governing codes.

A pipe rack with elevated risers and expansion loops. Red pipe in the middle is the full system. Top and bottom pipes in blue are details. Motions are shown below.

Motion of pipes in the pipe rack with elevated risers. Attention is paid to optimizing the design of the loop while keeping motions and loads in the rest of the system within limits.

A tower with a guided flexible pipe connection. The guided connection allows the flexibility required in the nozzle while limiting the loads applied to the vessel nozzle. Modelling the flexibility of the nozzle and accounting for the different possible temperatures of the piping system and tower is required for successful analysis.

Stress analysis of a pump skid from storage towers to dual pumps. The temperature distribution of the piping varies depending on which pump or pumps are running. Here the pipes leading to the operating pump are hotter than the standby pipes. Multiple load cases are required to ensure the piping design is acceptable.

Pipe stress analysis of the fictional but artistic piping system

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Piping Flexibility Thermal Expansion of Pipe

Abstract
One major requirement in piping design is to provide adequate flexibility for absorbing the thermal expansion of the pipe. However, due to lack of quick method of checking, pipings are often laid-out to be either too stiff or too flexible. In either case, valuable time and material are wasted.
This article presents some of the quick methods for checking piping flexibility. These methods include visual, hand calculation, and micro computer approaches. They are all quick and easy for designers to use in planning their layouts. Once the designers have taken care of the flexibility problem, the iterative procedure between the stress engineers and the designers become simpler. The project schedule can also be improved.

Piping flexibility
As the pipe temperature changes from the installation condition to the operating condition, it expands or contracts. In the general term, both expansion and contraction are called thermal expansion. When a pipe expands it has the potential of generating enormous force and stress in the system. However, if the piping is flexible enough, the expansion can be absorbed without creating undue force or stress. Providing the proper flexibility is one of the major tasks in the design of piping system.

Piping is used to convey a certain amount of fluid from one point to another. It is obvious that the shorter the pipe is used the lesser the capital expenditure is required. The long pipe may also generate excessive pressure drop making it unsuitable for the proper operation. However, the direct shortest layout generally is not acceptable for absorbing the thermal expansion.

Figure 1 shows what will happen when a straight pipe is directly connected from one point to another. First, consider that only one end is connected and the other end is loose. The loose end will expands an amount equal to Δ = e L

However, since the other end is not loose, this expansion is to be absorbed by the piping. This is equivalent to squeezing the pipe to move the end back an ~ distance. This amount of squczzing creates a stress of the magnitude S = E (Δ/L) = E e

The force required to squeeze this amount is F = A S = A E e

Take a 6-inch standard wall carbon steel pipe for instance, an increase of temperature from 70F ambient to 300F operating creates an axial stress of 42300 psi and an axial force of 236000 lbs in the pipe. These are excessive even though the temperature is only 300F. It is clear that the straight line direct layout is not acceptable to most of the piping, Flexibility has to be provided.