In Layman’s term Sustained means always present. So sustained stresses are the stresses which are present in the system throughout its operating cycle. The weight of the piping system and Pressure inside the pipe are examples of sustained loads that generate sustained stresses in the system. So what is a hot sustained case?

While analyzing a piping system you many times will come across with few supports which will take load in sustained case but are not taking load in operating and design temperature cases (Refer Attached Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for one such typical example). The support is lifting at that point in temperature case i.e. supports are not contributing in load and stress distribution while in in operating condition. Still in that situation the weight of pipe and pressure inside the system will induce sustained stresses. So in my opinion, hot sustained stress is the sustained stress in pipe operating situation. And we must ensure that the system stress will not fail because of those supports not sharing any load. That is why many organization make it mandatory to check sustained stresses.

Fig.1: Caesar II Restraint summary showing lifting supports

Methods of Hot Sustained stress checking

I have come across two different methods of hot sustained stress check in the various organization based on old philosophy:

1. Conventional Method of Hot Sustained Check

In first method the analyst has to run the static analysis as per conventional method.

Now go to restraint summary and note down the support nodes which are lifting or not taking any vertical load (Sometimes small positive value may be there due to guide and line stop frictions, in that case check the vertical displacement if it shows positive value consider the same as lifting).

Make a separate Caesar file with name FILE NAME_HOT SUSTAINED.

Open the input screen and delete all lifting supports from the nodes you noted down. Delete only +Y support, Guide and line stops will be there.

Run the analysis and check sustained stress.

If sustained stress is within allowable limit accept the file as it is else change the support location or routing to make the system safe.

2. Second method of Hot Sustained Checking

In this method, the analyst will check the hot sustained stress in the same main file (No need to create a separate file). Some additional load cases are required. Let’s assume we will check hot sustained stress in design temperature, T1 condition (means we will check which supports are lifting in design temp case). So the below-mentioned cases are required for hot sustained stress checking

Check the stresses for load case L3, if the same is within the allowable limit then accept the file else make the system safe.

3. Hot Sustained Check Philosophy from Caesar II 2018 version onwards:

From Caesar II version 2016 onwards, based on code requirements they have created a load case type known as ALT-SUS. So, in the single file, by adding ALT-SUS load cases, Caesar II automatically calculates hot-sustained stresses for each operating condition. Refer to Fig. 3 below to understand the load cases which has been introduced from ASME B 31.3-2014 onwards as Alternate sustained stress checking.

Fig. 3: Alternate Sustained Stress Checking

So, the above stresses are sufficient for hot-sustained stress checking. Load case L3 is checking sustained stress for temperature T1; which means in load case L3 all supports which are lifting or not taking load will be removed by the software automatically and sustained stress will be calculated after that. Similar situation will arise for load case L5 and L7 as shown above and they are the hot sustained cases with respect to temperature case T2 and T3 respectively.

Notes:
1- Now you may be thinking whether to mark deleted supports in isometric or not. You must mark those supports. As we have not deleted the supports in actual practice. Supports will be there at site, We simply ensured that without those supports also system will be safe. However if you want to delete those supports that can be done if all other stress criteria can met.

2-Whether we need to check expansion stresses in hot sustained file too? In my opinion if we are using liberal stress for expansion stress range checking then it is better to check expansion stress (along with sustained stress) in hot sustained file. Otherwise it is not required as system won’t fail in expansion case even after removing those supports.

HOW DO SNUBBER SUPPORTS WORK IN DYNAMIC CONDITIONS

⬆️ Snubbers are activated when either a threshold acceleration (hydraulic snubbers) or threshold velocity (mechanical snubbers) is reached. At that point, the snubber is activated either via a valve system (hydraulic snubbers) or spring loaded mechanical stop (mechanical snubbers) to lock in position and act as a restraint device to prevent further movement of the pipeline.

Momentum Technologies provides a high frequency tuned mass damper; the Momentum TMD. It is a state-of-the-art product for mitigating resonance vibration above 20Hz. These unique characteristics makes the Momentum TMD very suitable for solving vibration problems in small bore gas piping and machinery piping.

The Momentum TMD installed at machinery piping

The Momentum TMD with solar shielding installed at gas piping for reduced vibration

Tuned mass damper – physcial principle

Momentum TMD – INSTALLATION

The Momentum TMD is clamped to the pipe or structure to be damped, with the integrated clamp included in the delivery. The mounting can be made during operation and no hot work is needed for the installation. The Momentum TMD is free hanging and do not need any support or other foundation.

The mono-clamp design enables the damper to be fitted to pipes at various locations, for example close to bends. Momentum Technologies do also provide customized clamp or attachement solutions, for example brackets suitable for installation at valve flanges.