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Sustained or longitudinal stress is developed by imposing loads necessary to satisfy the laws of equilibrium between external and internal forces. Sustained stresses are not self-limiting. If the sustained stress exceeds the yield strength of the piping material through the entire thickness, the prevention of failure is entirely dependent on the strain-hardening properties of the material.

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Displacement stress is developed by the self-constraint of the piping structure. It must satisfy an imposed strain pattern rather than being in equilibrium with an external load. Displacement stresses are most often associated with the effects of temperature; however, external displacements, such as building settlements, are considered a displacement stress.

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Occasional stress is “The sum of longitudinal stresses produced by internal pressure, live and dead loads, and those produced by occasional loads,” according to ASME B31.1, paragraph 102.3.3(A). Occasional stresses can exceed the allowable code stress by a given percentage depending on frequency and duration of the load; for ASME piping codes, this is typically 15% or 20%. For example, wind loads can only exceed the allowable code stress by 15% due to their frequency, but seismic loads can exceed by 20% due to the relative infrequency of the loads.

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Pressure design basics

As a pipe stress analyst, it is critical to understand how wall thickness is determined. If the pipe wall is too thin, it will not matter how the pipe is supported; it will fail. Typically, the engineer designing the system also will determine the wall thickness; however, the wall thickness is also verified during the pipe stress analysis. Most engineers are more concerned with mass flow and pressure drop, therefore the effects of pipe size and wall thickness may be lost on them. Going to a thicker pipe wall or a larger pipe size may be worth the material costs, versus facing design issues and added pipe-support costs in labor and materials.

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Basic of Caesar 2 API610 analysis ⬇️

Module 2, Pulsations and Other Forces in a Reciprocating Compressor ⬇️⬇️

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Caesar II:input basics 2

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Caesar II:input basics 4

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Caesar II:input basics 7

Caesar II:input basics 8

Caesar II:input basics 9

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Controlling Piping System Vibration ⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️