As shown in Fig. 4, after the foundation settlement, the displacement would be transferred to the pipeline, causing the pipeline to be divided into four sections: unaffected part, transition part, bent part and straight part. In fact, if a deflection occurs, these sections would appear as well. In the numerical model, the length of these sections can be calculated by solving the governing equations.
Forces Causing Thrust:
1- Static forces (Internal pressure)
2- Dynamic forces (Fluid velocity)
1- Static forces (Internal pressure)
2- Dynamic forces (Fluid velocity)
Restraining Techniques:⤵️
1- Thrust blocks
2- Restrained joint system
3- Tie rods
4- Combined systems
1- Thrust blocks
2- Restrained joint system
3- Tie rods
4- Combined systems