🔶Development of Education 🔶
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✅1781: Calcutta Madrasah ( Warren Hastings) 

✅1791: Sanskrit College, Benaras ( Jonathan Duncan) 

✅1800: Fort William College ( Lord Wellesley) 

✅ Serampur missionaries were very enthusiastic about spread of education 

▪️1813: Charter Act 

✅Sanction of 1 lakhs annually 
✅ Amount not made available till 1823 
✅ Grant sanctioned for Calcutta College ( 1817- Rammohun Roy) 

▪️ 1835: Lord Macaulay's Minute 

✅Settled the debate in favour of Anglicists- limited govt resources to be devoted to teaching western  sciences and literature through medium of English language alone 
✅Neglected mass education 
✅Downward filtration theory

✅ 1835: Medical college in Calcutta 
 
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▪️1843-53: James Thomson ( LG of NW Province) 

✅Developed comprehensive scheme of village education through the medium of vernacular languages 
✅Purpose was to train personnel for newly set up Revenue and Public works dept. 

✅1844: Applicants for govt employment should possess knowledge of English 

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▪️1854: Wood's Despatch ( Magna Carta of English education in India) 

✅Responsibility of educating mass and rebuked downward filtration theory 
✅Vernacular at school, English in higher studies 
✅Stress on female and vocational education and teacher training 
✅Education in govt institutions to be secular 
✅System of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise 

▪️Developments:

🔸1857: universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras 

🔸1849: Bethune School, Calcutta ( JED Bethune)- Education for women 
✅ Agriculture Institute at Pusa, Bihar 
✅Engineering Institute at Roorkee (1847) 

🔸 1856: Calcutta college of engineering 

🔸1858: Overseers' school at Poona ( Poona college of engineering)

🔸1882-83: Hunter Education Commission (Ripon)
✅Confined its recommendations to primary and secondary education 
✅ Primary education in vernacular 
✅ Transfer of control of primary education to district and municipal boards 
✅ High school should have two divisions 
✅ Literary- leading to university 
✅ Vocational- commercial careers 
✅ Attention towards inadequate facilities for female education

🔸1882: Punjab university

🔸1887: Allahabad university

🔸 1902: Raleigh Commission 
✅Go into conditions and prospects of universities in India 
✅ Based on recommendations of Raleigh, Indian Universities Act

🔸1904: Indian Universities Act

✅Govt veto in universities senate regulations 
✅5 lakh rupees to be sanctioned per annum for five years 

🔸1906: State of Baroda introduced compulsory education throughout its territories

🔸1913: Resolution on education policy - govt refused to take responsibility of compulsory education

🔸1917-19: Saddler University Commission
✅ Study and report on problems of Calcutta university 
✅Reviewed entire field from school education to university education 
✅School course should be 12 yrs. Entry into university after intermediate stage for 3 yrs course.
course

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🔸1919: Education shifted to provincial ministries so govt stopped taking direct interest in education 
matters.

▪️1929: Hartog Committee

✅ To report on development of education 
✅Average students should be diverted to vocational courses after 8th 
✅ Admission should be restricted 

▪️1937: Wardha scheme of basic education

✅ Congress organised a National Conference on Education in Wardha 
✅Zakir hussain committee- detailed national scheme for basic education 
✅ Learning through activity 
✅ Based on Gandhi's weekly Harijan
✅ English only after Class 8 
 
▪️1944: Sergeant Plan of Education

✅Pre-primary education for 3-6 yrs age group 
✅Free, universal and compulsory elementary education for 6-11 yrs age group 
✅Abolition of intermediate course


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सूर्य किरण’ (SURYA KIRAN) भारत और किस देश के बीच आयोजित एक संयुक्त प्रशिक्षण अभ्यास है?

उत्तर – नेपाल

भारत और नेपाल के बीच भारत-नेपाल संयुक्त प्रशिक्षण अभ्यास ‘सूर्य किरण-XVI’ का 16वां संस्करण नेपाल आर्मी बैटल स्कूल, सालझंडी में शुरू हुआ। सूर्य किरण अभ्यास प्रतिवर्ष भारत और नेपाल के बीच आयोजित किया जाता है। पिछले साल, 15वां भारत-नेपाल संयुक्त ‘सूर्य किरण’ सैन्य प्रशिक्षण अभ्यास उत्तराखंड के पिथौरागढ़ में हुआ था।

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