Indian polity Current
Part 1.
(UGC -NET /JRF)

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🔶4th September is the birth anniversary of Dadabhai Naoroji, the “Grand Old Man of India”, who was among the first leaders who stirred national consciousness in the country.

♦Early Life:
Dadabhai Naoroji was born to a Gujarati-speaking Parsi family in Bombay, British India. In 1855, he became a Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Mumbai’s Elphinstone College. He was the first Indian to hold such a position. Later on, Naoroji also became a professor of Gujarati at the University College London. He was also a partner in the firm Cama & Co., which became the first Indian company to be established in Britain. He was a keen businessman and had his own cotton trading company as well.

Political Career:
In 1874, Dadabhai Naoroji started his political journey as the Dewan of the Maharaja of Baroda. Then he formed the London India Society in 1865 to put forth views on Indian political, social and literary subjects. Later in 1867,  he founded the East India Association to provide Indian viewpoints across to the British public.

Naoroji was a founder-member of the Indian National Congress which he formed in 1885 along with Dinshaw Wacha and Allan Octavian Hume. Meanwhile, He also became a member of the Legislative Council of Mumbai during 1885 – 88. He led Congress Party as the President of the in 1886, 1893 and 1906. He also acted as a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Naoroji was one of the first Indian political activists. He was a moderate leader in the Congress although he was very vocal in his criticism of British policies in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji died in 1917 in Bombay, but he is always remembered as the astute Indian academician and politician who championed India’s cause in Britain and other countries, and as one of the trio who co-founded the Indian National Congress.

UGC - NET JRF (ICT UNIT)
🔶Cyber crime is a criminal activity that involves computers or any network devices that target individuals, companies, and governments for direct financial gain or to sabotage or disrupt operations. Cyber crime is a major threat to sectors identified under Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) that include financial systems, air traffic control and telecommunications.

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Different types of Cyber crimes

🔹Malware, short for malicious software, refers to any kind of software that is designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network. Ransomware, Spyware, Worms, viruses, and Trojans are all varieties of malware.

🔹Phishing: It is the method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails and websites.

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🔹Denial of Service attacks: A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic or sending it information that triggers a crash.

🔹Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks, also known as eavesdropping attacks, occur when attackers insert themselves into a two-party transaction. Once the attackers interrupt the traffic, they can filter and steal data.

🔹Social engineering is an attack that relies on human interaction to trick users into breaking security procedures to gain sensitive information that is typically protected.

Measures to be taken

🔹Real-time intelligence is required for preventing and containing cyber-attacks.

🔹Periodical 'Backup of Data' is a solution to ransomware.

🔹Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for predicting and accurately identifying attacks.

🔹Using the knowledge gained from actual attacks that have already taken place in building effective and pragmatic defense.

🔹Increased awareness about cyber threats for which digital literacy is required first.

🔹There is a need to secure the computing environment and loT with current tools, patches, updates and best known methods in a timely manner.

🔹The need of the hour is to develop core skills in cyber security, data integrity and data security fields while also setting stringent cyber security standards to protect banks and financial institutions.

One of the highest numbers of cyber threats have been detected in India, and the country ranks second in terms of targeted attacks. Banking and Telecom are the most attacked sectors, but manufacturing, healthcare, and retail have also faced a significant number of cyber-attacks. Thus, there is an urgent need to take protective measures to tackle this menace.

🔶ROHINGYA REFUGEE

·  The Rohingya refugee crisis refers to the mass migration of thousands of Rohingya people from Myanmar (also known as Burma) and Bangladesh since 2015, collectively dubbed "boat people" by international media.
·  The Rohingya people are a Muslim minority group residing in the Rakhine state, formerly known as Arakan. The Rohingya people are considered “stateless entities”, as the Myanmar government has been refusing to recognise them as one of the ethnic groups of the country. For this reason, the Rohingya people lack legal protection from the Government of Myanmar, are regarded as mere refugees from Bangladesh, and face strong hostility in the country.
·  India is home to around 40,000 Rohingya Muslims, in spite of not having a concrete refugee policy [India being a non-signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention on the Status of Refugees and ensuing 1967 protocol]. This is mainly due to the porous borders we share with Myanmar and Bangladesh.
·  India’s official stand is they do not consider Rohingya as refugees, they are reportedly considering them as illegal settlers and are planning to deport them.

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