Today's Green Days special
🌍 Global Environmental Events

1962 – "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson published – sparked global environmental movement.

1971 – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands signed in Iran.

1972 – Stockholm Conference + UNEP founded.

1985 – Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone Layer.

1987 – Montreal Protocol signed (Ozone-depleting substances).


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1988 – IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) established.

1992 – Rio Earth Summit (UNCED):

Rio Declaration

Agenda 21

Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)

UNFCCC (Climate Change)

UNCCD (Desertification)


1997 – Kyoto Protocol adopted (binding targets for developed nations).

2000 – Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

2002 – Johannesburg Earth Summit (Rio+10).

2010 – Nagoya Protocol on Access & Benefit Sharing.

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2015 – SDGs (17 Sustainable Development Goals) adopted.

2015 – Paris Agreement (COP 21).

2021 – COP26 (Glasgow): Net Zero pledges by many nations.

2022 – Stockholm+50: 50th anniversary of Stockholm Conference.

2023 – COP28 (Dubai): Emphasis on fossil fuel phase-down and climate finance.

NOvember 2025
COP 30 ( Belem 🇧🇷 Brazil )

2⃣0⃣2⃣5⃣Theme of World Environment Day 2025: Beat Plastic Pollution

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🇮🇳 Important Environmental Events in India

1972 – Wildlife Protection Act passed.

1973 – Chipko Movement begins in Uttarakhand.

1974 – Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

1980 – Forest Conservation Act.

1985 – Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) formed.

1986 – Environment (Protection) Act – umbrella legislation.

1991 – Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification.

2002 – Biological Diversity Act passed.

2006 – Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers Act (FRA Act).

2010 – National Green Tribunal (NGT) established.

2014 – National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched.

2015 – National Electric Mobility Mission Plan for electric vehicles.

2016 – New rules on Solid Waste, Plastic Waste & E-Waste Management.

2018 – India hosted World Environment Day (Beat Plastic Pollution).

2021 – India announces Net Zero target by 2070 at COP26.

2023 – India updates NDC targets: 50% power capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030.

NOvember 2025
COP 30 ( Belem 🇧🇷 Brazil )

🔥5 June 2025--- Theme of World Environment Day 2025: Beat Plastic Pollution

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UNIT -- 9
Topic -- Global Environmental Summits, Agreements & Organizations — very relevant for UGC NET Paper 1.


🌍 Topic: Global Environmental Summits & Agreements

Q1. The first Earth Summit was held in:

Options:
A) 1992, Rio de Janeiro
B) 1972, Stockholm
C) 2002, Johannesburg
D) 2012, Rio+20

✅ Answer: A) 1992, Rio de Janeiro
📌 Explanation:

Known as the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

Led to Agenda 21, UNFCCC, CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity).

Promoted the concept of sustainable development.



Q2. Which protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

Options:
A) Cartagena Protocol
B) Kyoto Protocol
C) Basel Convention
D) Paris Agreement

✅ Answer: B) Kyoto Protocol
📌 Explanation:

Adopted in 1997, enforced in 2005.

Legally binding targets for developed countries.

Preceded the Paris Agreement.

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Q3. The Paris Agreement seeks to limit global warming to below:

Options:
A) 1.0°C
B) 1.5°C
C) 2.0°C
D) 2.5°C

✅ Answer: C) 2.0°C
📌 Explanation:

Signed in 2015 under UNFCCC.

Aim: Limit rise to below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Voluntary national targets (NDCs).




Q4. Stockholm Conference 1972 is significant because:

Options:
A) First international summit on biodiversity
B) Foundation of UNEP
C) It banned ozone-depleting substances
D) None of the above

✅ Answer: B) Foundation of UNEP
📌 Explanation:

First global conference on human environment.

Led to the creation of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme).

Theme: “Only One Earth.”



Q5. The Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with:

Options:
A) Acid Rain
B) Nuclear Waste
C) Ozone Depletion
D) Climate Refugees

✅ Answer: C) Ozone Depletion
📌 Explanation:

International treaty to phase out CFCs and HCFCs.

Helped in ozone layer recovery.

Considered one of the most successful global environmental agreements.


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Q6. Rio+20 summit was held in the year:

Options:
A) 2010
B) 2012
C) 2015
D) 2020

✅ Answer: B) 2012
📌 Explanation:

20 years after the original Rio Summit.

Focused on Green Economy and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development.

Outcome: "The Future We Want" document.




Q7. Which organization publishes the ‘Global Environmental Outlook’ reports?

Options:
A) IPCC
B) UNDP
C) UNEP
D) FAO

✅ Answer: C) UNEP
📌 Explanation:

Flagship assessment reports on global environment.

Provides science-based policy options.

Published every few years.





Q8. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted at:

Options:
A) Stockholm 1972
B) Kyoto 1997
C) Rio Earth Summit 1992
D) Johannesburg 2002

✅ Answer: C) Rio Earth Summit 1992
📌 Explanation:

Aims at conservation, sustainable use, and fair sharing of genetic resources.

Framework for national biodiversity action plans.



Q9. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was founded in:

Options:
A) 1988
B) 1992
C) 2000
D) 2005

✅ Answer: A) 1988
📌 Explanation:

Jointly established by WMO and UNEP.

Provides scientific reports on climate change.

Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.




Q10. The term ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ (CBDR) was formalized in:

Options:
A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Stockholm Declaration
C) Rio Declaration
D) Montreal Protocol

✅ Answer: C) Rio Declaration
📌 Explanation:

Recognizes differing capabilities and responsibilities of developed and developing nations.

Key principle in climate justice debates.


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🌳 UNIT -- 9
(MCQs) on the topic of Pollution (Air, Water, Soil, and Noise), each with detailed explanations, tailored for UGC NET Paper 1 by Professors Adda Expert Team


🌳

🧪 Topic: Pollution – Types, Indicators, and Effects

Q1. Which of the following is a major contributor to indoor air pollution in rural India?

Options:
A) Diesel engines
B) Coal-burning power plants
C) Biomass burning
D) Vehicle emissions

✅ Answer: C) Biomass burning
📌 Explanation:

Traditional cookstoves using wood, dung, or crop waste release PM, CO, and hydrocarbons.

Leads to respiratory issues, especially among women and children.

Major concern in energy-poor households.



🌳

Q2. The indicator of organic pollution in water bodies is:

Options:
A) pH
B) BOD
C) TDS
D) DO

✅ Answer: B) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
📌 Explanation:

Higher BOD means more organic waste is present.

Indicates oxygen required by microbes to decompose waste.

Used to assess water quality in rivers and lakes.



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Q3. Which gas is responsible for acid rain?

Options:
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Methane
C) Sulphur dioxide
D) Hydrogen sulfide

✅ Answer: C) Sulphur dioxide
📌 Explanation:

SO₂ and NOₓ mix with water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids.

Leads to acid precipitation damaging soil, water, and architecture.


🌳


Q4. Which pollutant is most harmful for the ozone layer?

Options:
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Methane
C) CFCs
D) Lead

✅ Answer: C) CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
📌 Explanation:

Stable gases that reach the stratosphere and release chlorine.

Chlorine catalyzes the destruction of ozone molecules.

Regulated under Montreal Protocol (1987).



🌳

Q5. Blue Baby Syndrome is caused by excess of:

Options:
A) Lead
B) Arsenic
C) Nitrates
D) Mercury

✅ Answer: C) Nitrates
📌 Explanation:

Nitrates in water can interfere with oxygen transport in infants.

Converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Associated with use of nitrogen fertilizers.


🌳


Q6. The Air Quality Index (AQI) includes all except:

Options:
A) PM2.5
B) CO
C) NH₃
D) O₃

✅ Answer: C) NH₃
📌 Explanation:

AQI generally includes PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and NH₃, but NH₃ is not in all country-specific AQI systems.

India's AQI includes NH₃, but earlier global versions didn’t.



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Q7. Which is the major pollutant from vehicles?

Options:
A) SO₂
B) CO
C) H₂S
D) Fluoride

✅ Answer: B) CO (Carbon Monoxide)
📌 Explanation:

Produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.

Binds with hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, causing health hazards.

Major urban air pollutant.



🌳

Q8. Eutrophication in lakes is mainly due to:

Options:
A) Heavy metal deposition
B) Increased dissolved oxygen
C) Excess nutrients
D) Thermal pollution

✅ Answer: C) Excess nutrients
📌 Explanation:

Overuse of fertilizers leads to nutrient runoff (N, P).

Causes algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and aquatic life death.

Common in agricultural runoff areas.



🌳

Q9. Which of the following is a heavy metal pollutant?

Options:
A) Phosphorus
B) Nitrogen
C) Mercury
D) Chloride

✅ Answer: C) Mercury
📌 Explanation:

Toxic to nervous system.

Bioaccumulates in fish → enters human food chain.

Released by industries and fossil fuel combustion.


🌳

Q10. Noise pollution is measured in:

Options:
A) Hertz
B) Decibels
C) Pascal
D) Watts

✅ Answer: B) Decibels (dB)
📌 Explanation:

Human ear is sensitive to sounds in 0–140 dB range.

Long exposure to >85 dB can cause hearing loss.

WHO recommends ≤55 dB in residential zone

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