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❗️❗️Commonly confused prepositions ❗️❗️
📌 About and On
Both about and on can mean ‘regarding’. There is a slight difference of meaning.
🔍Compare:
🔘We had a discussion about money.
🔘He gave a lecture on finance.
About used in the first sentence suggests that the discussion was ordinary.
On used in the second sentence suggests that the lecture was serious or academic, suitable for specialists.
📌 Above and over
Above and over can both mean ‘higher than’.
🔘The water came up above / over our waist.
Above is preferred when one thing is not directly over another.
🔘There is a temple above the lake. (The temple is not directly over the lake.)
Over is preferred when one thing covers or touches another.
🔘He put on a sweater over his shirt. (NOT He put on a sweater above his shirt.)
In measurements of temperature and height we use above. In measurements of ages and speeds we use over.
🔘The temperature never rose above 5 degrees Celsius.
You have to be over 18 to see that film.
📌 Across and through
The difference between across and through is similar to the difference meaningon and in.
Through is used for movement in a three dimensional space, with things on all sides. Across cannot be used with that meaning.
🔍Compare:
🔘We went through the wood. (We were in the wood.)
🔘The road goes through the forest.
🔘We walked across the desert. (We were on the desert.)
Across and over can both be used to mean ‘on the other side of a line / road / bridge etc’.
🔘There is a hospital across / over the border. (= There is a hospital on the other side of the border.)
🔘His shop is across / over the road. (= His shop is on the other side of the road.)
Across and over can also be used to talk about movement to the other side of a line / road etc.
🔘He jumped across / over the stream.
We prefer over when we say ‘on/to the other side of something high’.
🔘He climbed over the wall. (NOT He climbed across the wall.)
We prefer across when we say ‘on / to the other side of something flat’.
🔘We swam across the river. (NOT We swam over the river.)
📌Along
The preposition along is used with nouns that refer to things with a long thin shape. Examples are: road, river, corridor, line
🔘She ran along the road.
🔘There are trees along the riverside.
📌 Along and through
To talk about periods or activities, we prefer through.
🔘She was silent all through the journey. (NOT She was silent all along the journey.)
Note that along can also be used as an adverb particle.
Come along. (= Come with me.)
Run along now. (= Go away.)
#Prepositions
📌 About and On
Both about and on can mean ‘regarding’. There is a slight difference of meaning.
🔍Compare:
🔘We had a discussion about money.
🔘He gave a lecture on finance.
About used in the first sentence suggests that the discussion was ordinary.
On used in the second sentence suggests that the lecture was serious or academic, suitable for specialists.
📌 Above and over
Above and over can both mean ‘higher than’.
🔘The water came up above / over our waist.
Above is preferred when one thing is not directly over another.
🔘There is a temple above the lake. (The temple is not directly over the lake.)
Over is preferred when one thing covers or touches another.
🔘He put on a sweater over his shirt. (NOT He put on a sweater above his shirt.)
In measurements of temperature and height we use above. In measurements of ages and speeds we use over.
🔘The temperature never rose above 5 degrees Celsius.
You have to be over 18 to see that film.
📌 Across and through
The difference between across and through is similar to the difference meaningon and in.
Through is used for movement in a three dimensional space, with things on all sides. Across cannot be used with that meaning.
🔍Compare:
🔘We went through the wood. (We were in the wood.)
🔘The road goes through the forest.
🔘We walked across the desert. (We were on the desert.)
Across and over can both be used to mean ‘on the other side of a line / road / bridge etc’.
🔘There is a hospital across / over the border. (= There is a hospital on the other side of the border.)
🔘His shop is across / over the road. (= His shop is on the other side of the road.)
Across and over can also be used to talk about movement to the other side of a line / road etc.
🔘He jumped across / over the stream.
We prefer over when we say ‘on/to the other side of something high’.
🔘He climbed over the wall. (NOT He climbed across the wall.)
We prefer across when we say ‘on / to the other side of something flat’.
🔘We swam across the river. (NOT We swam over the river.)
📌Along
The preposition along is used with nouns that refer to things with a long thin shape. Examples are: road, river, corridor, line
🔘She ran along the road.
🔘There are trees along the riverside.
📌 Along and through
To talk about periods or activities, we prefer through.
🔘She was silent all through the journey. (NOT She was silent all along the journey.)
Note that along can also be used as an adverb particle.
Come along. (= Come with me.)
Run along now. (= Go away.)
#Prepositions
💠 ( 2 ) Antonyms:
The semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words (lexemes) with opposite meanings in certain contexts (i.e., antonyms).
Contrast with synonymy.
#Word_relationships
The semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words (lexemes) with opposite meanings in certain contexts (i.e., antonyms).
Contrast with synonymy.
#Word_relationships
💠 Antonyms:
✨ Antonymy and Word Classes
"Oppositeness . . . has an important role in structuring the vocabulary of English. This is especially so in the adjective word class, where a good many words occur in antonymous pairs:
e.g.
long-short,
wide-narrow,
new-old,
rough-smooth,
light-dark,
straight-crooked,
deep-shallow,
fast-slow.
While antonymy is typically found among adjectives ,it is not restricted to this word class:
bring-take (verbs),
death-life (nouns),
noisily-quietly (adverbs),
above-below (prepositions),
after-before (conjunctions or prepositions).
"English can also derive antonyms by means of prefixes and suffixes.
Negative prefixes such as dis-, un- or in- may derive an antonym from the positive root, e.g. dishonest, unsympathetic, infertile.
Compare also: encourage-discourage but entangle-disentangle, increase-decrease, include-exclude."
#Word_relationships
✨ Antonymy and Word Classes
"Oppositeness . . . has an important role in structuring the vocabulary of English. This is especially so in the adjective word class, where a good many words occur in antonymous pairs:
e.g.
long-short,
wide-narrow,
new-old,
rough-smooth,
light-dark,
straight-crooked,
deep-shallow,
fast-slow.
While antonymy is typically found among adjectives ,it is not restricted to this word class:
bring-take (verbs),
death-life (nouns),
noisily-quietly (adverbs),
above-below (prepositions),
after-before (conjunctions or prepositions).
"English can also derive antonyms by means of prefixes and suffixes.
Negative prefixes such as dis-, un- or in- may derive an antonym from the positive root, e.g. dishonest, unsympathetic, infertile.
Compare also: encourage-discourage but entangle-disentangle, increase-decrease, include-exclude."
#Word_relationships
📌 di‧sput‧a‧ble /dɪˈspjuːtəbəl, ˈdɪspjə-/adjective
= something that is disputable is not definitely true or right, and therefore is something that you can argue about
OPP :indisputable
#Vocabulary
= something that is disputable is not definitely true or right, and therefore is something that you can argue about
OPP :indisputable
#Vocabulary
⚠️ 10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid ⚠️ ( PART 6 )
Mistake 1️⃣0️⃣ : Omitting that when it is needed after say
When there is no intervening conjunction, that may be omitted after the verb say:
📌 The witness said she overheard the defendant threaten to burn the man’s house down.
However, if a conjunction such as after, although, because, before, in addition to, until, or while intervenes between the verb say and its object, that is needed to avoid ambiguity:
❌ INCORRECT:
Santana said after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.
✅ CORRECT :
Santana said that after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.
#Grammar
Mistake 1️⃣0️⃣ : Omitting that when it is needed after say
When there is no intervening conjunction, that may be omitted after the verb say:
📌 The witness said she overheard the defendant threaten to burn the man’s house down.
However, if a conjunction such as after, although, because, before, in addition to, until, or while intervenes between the verb say and its object, that is needed to avoid ambiguity:
❌ INCORRECT:
Santana said after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.
✅ CORRECT :
Santana said that after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.
#Grammar
✨ Test your English before checking the answers ❗️
⭕️ Choose the correct answers:
1. * Do you think we can get there on time?
** Yes, ______ the car doesn't break down.
A even if
B as soon as
C if only
D as long as
2. All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______ very little.
A puts up with
B goes up to
C makes up for
D comes up to
3. ______ is known to us all, the old scientist, ______ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties.
A Who; the
B That; whose
C It; who
D As; whose
4. This book is ______ great value. ______ can be enjoyed from it until you have a deep understanding of it, however.
A of: Something
B in; Much
C of; Nothing
D in; Few
5. ______ I admire David as a poet, I do not like him as a man.
A Much as
B If only
C Only if
D As much
💠 Correct answers & explanations:
👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇
1. Correct answer: D
⚠️ As long as used to say that one thing can happen or be true only if another thing happens or is true.
2. Correct answer: D
⚠️ Come up to means to reach a particular standard or to be as good as you expected.
3. Correct answer: D
⚠️ As is used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before.
4. Correct answer: C
⚠️ Of is used to describe a person or thing by saying what their main qualities or features are.
5. Correct answer: A
⚠️ Much as is used to say that something is very similar to something else.
#Activity
⭕️ Choose the correct answers:
1. * Do you think we can get there on time?
** Yes, ______ the car doesn't break down.
A even if
B as soon as
C if only
D as long as
2. All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______ very little.
A puts up with
B goes up to
C makes up for
D comes up to
3. ______ is known to us all, the old scientist, ______ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties.
A Who; the
B That; whose
C It; who
D As; whose
4. This book is ______ great value. ______ can be enjoyed from it until you have a deep understanding of it, however.
A of: Something
B in; Much
C of; Nothing
D in; Few
5. ______ I admire David as a poet, I do not like him as a man.
A Much as
B If only
C Only if
D As much
💠 Correct answers & explanations:
👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇
1. Correct answer: D
⚠️ As long as used to say that one thing can happen or be true only if another thing happens or is true.
2. Correct answer: D
⚠️ Come up to means to reach a particular standard or to be as good as you expected.
3. Correct answer: D
⚠️ As is used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before.
4. Correct answer: C
⚠️ Of is used to describe a person or thing by saying what their main qualities or features are.
5. Correct answer: A
⚠️ Much as is used to say that something is very similar to something else.
#Activity
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💠 Wild goose chase
Meaning: Chasing something that’s very difficult (or impossible) to catch
Example: You’re taking me on a wild goose chase, will you just give me an exact address?
#Idioms
Meaning: Chasing something that’s very difficult (or impossible) to catch
Example: You’re taking me on a wild goose chase, will you just give me an exact address?
#Idioms
💠 Open a can of worms
Meaning: Create a whole new set of problems
Example: You’ve opened a real can of worms here.
#Idioms
Meaning: Create a whole new set of problems
Example: You’ve opened a real can of worms here.
#Idioms
💢 Quote VS Quotation
What Is the Right Word?
It’s common to hear people use the verb “quote“ as a shortened form of the noun “quotation“,but in the strictest sense,this use is wrong.
#Vocabulary
#VS
What Is the Right Word?
It’s common to hear people use the verb “quote“ as a shortened form of the noun “quotation“,but in the strictest sense,this use is wrong.
#Vocabulary
#VS
💢 Quote VS Quotation
What Is the Right Word?
According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word quotation is defined as, "A group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker."
The word quote means to "repeat the exact words of another with the acknowledgement of the source."
#Vocabulary
#VS
What Is the Right Word?
According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word quotation is defined as, "A group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker."
The word quote means to "repeat the exact words of another with the acknowledgement of the source."
#Vocabulary
#VS
⚠️ This is a very interesting question. The short answer is that it depends on what country you are writing in.
In British and Australian English, one typically uses single quotation marks ( ‘ ‘ ). If writing in North America, double quotation marks are typically used ( “ “ ).
The most important rule when using these little punctuation marks is that the style of the opening and closing quotation marks match, e.g., 'Good morning, Mary,' called Adrian, or "Good morning, Stephen," called Jane.
One of the common ESL mistakes we encounter is the misuse of quotation marks. If quotations are distinguished only by the use of quotation marks and you are quoting more than one paragraph, use an opening quote at the beginning of each paragraph.
#Punctuation
In British and Australian English, one typically uses single quotation marks ( ‘ ‘ ). If writing in North America, double quotation marks are typically used ( “ “ ).
The most important rule when using these little punctuation marks is that the style of the opening and closing quotation marks match, e.g., 'Good morning, Mary,' called Adrian, or "Good morning, Stephen," called Jane.
One of the common ESL mistakes we encounter is the misuse of quotation marks. If quotations are distinguished only by the use of quotation marks and you are quoting more than one paragraph, use an opening quote at the beginning of each paragraph.
#Punctuation