💠 ( 6 ) Polysemy :
According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning.
The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous "shows that semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any"
♨️ Examples :
🍃 Man 🍃
1. The human species (i.e., man vs. other organisms)
2. Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)
3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)
⚠️ This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy.
🍃 Mole 🍃
1. a small burrowing mammal
2. consequently, there are several different entities called moles. Although these refer to different things, their names derive from 1. :e.g. A Mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected.
⚠️ However: other senses of the word -- the skin blemish, the breakwater, the unit of measure, and the Mexican sauce -- are homonyms, not polysems, as they are each etymologically distinct.
🍃 Bank 🍃
1. a financial institution
2. the building where a financial institution offers services
3. a synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me").
⚠️ However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning.
River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.
🍃 Book 🍃
1. a bound collection of pages
2. a text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume)
3. to make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.")
🍃 Newspaper 🍃
1. a company that publishes written news.
2. a single physical item published by the company.
3. the newspaper as an edited work in a specific format (e.g. "They changed the layout of the newspaper's front page").
⚠️ The different meanings can be combined in a single sentence, e.g. "John used to work for the newspaper that you are reading."
🍃 Milk 🍃
1. (noun) a secretion, produced by a mammary gland, that functions to provide nutrients to offspring
3. The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk.
🍃 Wood 🍃
1. the material made from trees
3. a geographical area with many trees
🍃 Crane 🍃
1. a bird with a long neck
2. a type of construction equipment which looks like it has a long neck
3. to strain out one's neck
#Vocabulary
#Word_relationships
@PracticeMakesPerfect12
According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning.
The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous "shows that semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any"
♨️ Examples :
🍃 Man 🍃
1. The human species (i.e., man vs. other organisms)
2. Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)
3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)
⚠️ This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy.
🍃 Mole 🍃
1. a small burrowing mammal
2. consequently, there are several different entities called moles. Although these refer to different things, their names derive from 1. :e.g. A Mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected.
⚠️ However: other senses of the word -- the skin blemish, the breakwater, the unit of measure, and the Mexican sauce -- are homonyms, not polysems, as they are each etymologically distinct.
🍃 Bank 🍃
1. a financial institution
2. the building where a financial institution offers services
3. a synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me").
⚠️ However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning.
River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.
🍃 Book 🍃
1. a bound collection of pages
2. a text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume)
3. to make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.")
🍃 Newspaper 🍃
1. a company that publishes written news.
2. a single physical item published by the company.
3. the newspaper as an edited work in a specific format (e.g. "They changed the layout of the newspaper's front page").
⚠️ The different meanings can be combined in a single sentence, e.g. "John used to work for the newspaper that you are reading."
🍃 Milk 🍃
1. (noun) a secretion, produced by a mammary gland, that functions to provide nutrients to offspring
3. The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk.
🍃 Wood 🍃
1. the material made from trees
3. a geographical area with many trees
🍃 Crane 🍃
1. a bird with a long neck
2. a type of construction equipment which looks like it has a long neck
3. to strain out one's neck
#Vocabulary
#Word_relationships
@PracticeMakesPerfect12
💠 Parts of the body used as verbs 💠
🍂🖐🏻👀🙂💪🏻👤👄👃👣👍🏻🍂
♨️ PART 1️⃣ ♨️
🍂 To HAND 🍂
To hand means :
✨to give something to someone with your hand, especially because they have asked for it or should have it.
🍃 I've got to hand it to you. You really know how to use that camera.
✨ to give or leave something to people who will live after you
🍃 The ring was handed down to her from her grandmother.
✨ to give someone power or responsibility over something which you used to be in charge of
🍃 On his retirement, he handed the business over to his son.
🍂To HEAD over 🍂
To head means :
✨ to go towards a particular place, especially in a deliberate way.
🍃 If you are interested in attending the meeting, head over to Hall B at noon.
✨ if you are heading for a particular situation, especially a bad one, it seems likely to happen
🍃 Where is your life heading?
✨ to be in charge of a team, government, organization etc
🍃David was asked to head up the technical team.
✨ to be at the top of a list or group of people or things
🍃 The movie heads the list of Oscar nominations.
✨ to be at the front of a line of people
🍃 a procession headed by the Queen
🍂 To EYEBALL 🍂
✨ To eyeball means to look directly and closely at something or someone.
🍃 What's wrong with Carlos? He has been eyeballing me all morning from across the room.
🍂 To SHOULDER 🍂
✨ To shoulder means to accept a difficult or unpleasant responsibility, duty etc.
🍃 Fanny's sister is in the hospital, so she is shouldering the burden of taking care of her nephew full time.
🍂 To ELBOW 🍂
✨To elbow means to push someone with your elbows, especially in order to move past them.
🍃 The referee gave the player a red card because he elbowed his opponent inside the penalty box.
🍂 To SKIN alive 🍂
To skin means:
✨ to remove the skin from an animal, fruit, or vegetable ; peel
🍃 Add the tomatoes, skinned and sliced.
✨ to hurt yourself by rubbing off some skin; graze
🍃 She fell and skinned her knee.
✨ to completely defeat someone; hammer
🍃 The football team really skinned Watertown last year.
✨ to skin alive means to punish someone very severely – used humorously.
🍃 Jean is in the boss's office. She's probably getting skinned alive for her mistakes on the latest TPS reports.
✨ “ there's more than one way to skin a cat “ used to say that there are several ways of achieving something
#Vocabulary
#Useful_expressions
@PracticeMakesPerfect12
🍂🖐🏻👀🙂💪🏻👤👄👃👣👍🏻🍂
♨️ PART 1️⃣ ♨️
🍂 To HAND 🍂
To hand means :
✨to give something to someone with your hand, especially because they have asked for it or should have it.
🍃 I've got to hand it to you. You really know how to use that camera.
✨ to give or leave something to people who will live after you
🍃 The ring was handed down to her from her grandmother.
✨ to give someone power or responsibility over something which you used to be in charge of
🍃 On his retirement, he handed the business over to his son.
🍂To HEAD over 🍂
To head means :
✨ to go towards a particular place, especially in a deliberate way.
🍃 If you are interested in attending the meeting, head over to Hall B at noon.
✨ if you are heading for a particular situation, especially a bad one, it seems likely to happen
🍃 Where is your life heading?
✨ to be in charge of a team, government, organization etc
🍃David was asked to head up the technical team.
✨ to be at the top of a list or group of people or things
🍃 The movie heads the list of Oscar nominations.
✨ to be at the front of a line of people
🍃 a procession headed by the Queen
🍂 To EYEBALL 🍂
✨ To eyeball means to look directly and closely at something or someone.
🍃 What's wrong with Carlos? He has been eyeballing me all morning from across the room.
🍂 To SHOULDER 🍂
✨ To shoulder means to accept a difficult or unpleasant responsibility, duty etc.
🍃 Fanny's sister is in the hospital, so she is shouldering the burden of taking care of her nephew full time.
🍂 To ELBOW 🍂
✨To elbow means to push someone with your elbows, especially in order to move past them.
🍃 The referee gave the player a red card because he elbowed his opponent inside the penalty box.
🍂 To SKIN alive 🍂
To skin means:
✨ to remove the skin from an animal, fruit, or vegetable ; peel
🍃 Add the tomatoes, skinned and sliced.
✨ to hurt yourself by rubbing off some skin; graze
🍃 She fell and skinned her knee.
✨ to completely defeat someone; hammer
🍃 The football team really skinned Watertown last year.
✨ to skin alive means to punish someone very severely – used humorously.
🍃 Jean is in the boss's office. She's probably getting skinned alive for her mistakes on the latest TPS reports.
✨ “ there's more than one way to skin a cat “ used to say that there are several ways of achieving something
#Vocabulary
#Useful_expressions
@PracticeMakesPerfect12
💠 Parts of the body used as verbs 💠
🍂🖐🏻👀🙂💪🏻👤👄👃👣👍🏻🍂
♨️ PART 2️⃣ ♨️
🍂 To FOOT 🍂
✨ To foot means to pay for something, especially something expensive that you do not want to pay for.
🍃 My father has to foot the bill for all our shopping.
🍂 To FACE 🍂
To face means :
✨ to deal with a difficult situation.
🍃 Sooner or later, Brittany had to face the fact that Bill had broken up with her.
✨ to talk or deal with someone, when this is unpleasant or difficult for you
🍃 I don’t know how I’m going to face her after what happened.
✨ to be opposite someone or something, or to be looking or pointing in a particular direction
🍃 The two men stood facing each other, smiling.
✨ to play against an opponent or team in a game or competition
🍃 Martinez will face Robertson in tomorrow’s final.
✨ “ To face the music “ informal means to accept criticism or punishment for something you have done
🍂 To THUMB 🍂
To thumb means :
✨ to persuade a driver of a passing car to stop and take you somewhere, by putting your hand out with your thumb raised.
🍃 I thumbed a lift into town.
✨” to thumb your nose at somebody/something “ means to show that you do not respect rules, laws etc or you do not care what someone thinks of you
🍃 a chance to thumb his nose at the college authorities
✨ “ to thumb through something “ means to look through a book, magazine etc quickly
🍃 I began thumbing through the pages of a gardening catalogue.
🍂 To KNEE 🍂
✨ to hit someone with your knee
🍃 I kneed him in his stomach.
🍂 To NOSE 🍂
To nose means:
✨ if a vehicle, boat etc noses forward, or if you nose it forward, it moves forward slowly
🍃 The bus nosed its way along the street.
🍃 She carefully nosed the car forward through the traffic.
✨ to look around a place in order to try to find something, when there is no one else there
🍃 What were you doing nosing around in my office?
✨ to try to find out private information about someone or something, especially in a way that is annoying
🍃 The media always manage to nose out some interesting facts about a politician’s past life.
🍂 to MOUTH 🍂
✨ to complain angrily and noisily about something, or talk as if you know more than anyone else
🍃 Morris was mouthing off about his former team.
#Vocabulary
#Useful_expressions
@PracticeMakesPerfect12
🍂🖐🏻👀🙂💪🏻👤👄👃👣👍🏻🍂
♨️ PART 2️⃣ ♨️
🍂 To FOOT 🍂
✨ To foot means to pay for something, especially something expensive that you do not want to pay for.
🍃 My father has to foot the bill for all our shopping.
🍂 To FACE 🍂
To face means :
✨ to deal with a difficult situation.
🍃 Sooner or later, Brittany had to face the fact that Bill had broken up with her.
✨ to talk or deal with someone, when this is unpleasant or difficult for you
🍃 I don’t know how I’m going to face her after what happened.
✨ to be opposite someone or something, or to be looking or pointing in a particular direction
🍃 The two men stood facing each other, smiling.
✨ to play against an opponent or team in a game or competition
🍃 Martinez will face Robertson in tomorrow’s final.
✨ “ To face the music “ informal means to accept criticism or punishment for something you have done
🍂 To THUMB 🍂
To thumb means :
✨ to persuade a driver of a passing car to stop and take you somewhere, by putting your hand out with your thumb raised.
🍃 I thumbed a lift into town.
✨” to thumb your nose at somebody/something “ means to show that you do not respect rules, laws etc or you do not care what someone thinks of you
🍃 a chance to thumb his nose at the college authorities
✨ “ to thumb through something “ means to look through a book, magazine etc quickly
🍃 I began thumbing through the pages of a gardening catalogue.
🍂 To KNEE 🍂
✨ to hit someone with your knee
🍃 I kneed him in his stomach.
🍂 To NOSE 🍂
To nose means:
✨ if a vehicle, boat etc noses forward, or if you nose it forward, it moves forward slowly
🍃 The bus nosed its way along the street.
🍃 She carefully nosed the car forward through the traffic.
✨ to look around a place in order to try to find something, when there is no one else there
🍃 What were you doing nosing around in my office?
✨ to try to find out private information about someone or something, especially in a way that is annoying
🍃 The media always manage to nose out some interesting facts about a politician’s past life.
🍂 to MOUTH 🍂
✨ to complain angrily and noisily about something, or talk as if you know more than anyone else
🍃 Morris was mouthing off about his former team.
#Vocabulary
#Useful_expressions
@PracticeMakesPerfect12